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Aniline Electropolymerization on Indium–Tin Oxide Nanofilms with Different Surface Resistivity: A Comprehensive Study.

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Title: Aniline Electropolymerization on Indium–Tin Oxide Nanofilms with Different Surface Resistivity: A Comprehensive Study.
Authors: Kotowicz, Sonia1 (AUTHOR) sonia.kotowicz@us.edu.pl, Hajduk, Barbara2 (AUTHOR), Jarka, Paweł3 (AUTHOR), Pająk, Agnieszka Katarzyna2,4 (AUTHOR), Kumari, Pallavi1,2 (AUTHOR), Barzic, Andreea Irina2,4 (AUTHOR)
Source: Nanomaterials (2079-4991). Feb2026, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p165. 22p.
Subjects: Electropolymerization, Surface resistance, Cyclic voltammetry, Indium tin oxide, Polyanilines, Atomic force microscopy, Optical coatings, Ellipsometry
Abstract: Aniline (ANI) was electropolymerized on ITO substrates with different surface resistivities. The process was performed by cyclic voltammetry from an aqueous, homogeneous solution containing sulfuric acid and the aniline monomer using various numbers of cycles and scan rates. The resulting polymer films (PANI) were characterized by ATR-IR spectroscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy. The influence of ITO surface resistivity on the electropolymerization process, the quality of the obtained PANI layers, and their optical properties was evaluated. Homogeneous PANI films were produced on ITO substrates with surface resistivities of 15–25 Ω/sq, encompassing both emeraldine salt and emeraldine base forms. Although the film's growth was rapid, it also led to adhesion issues. In contrast, for ITO substrates with surface resistivities of 70–100 Ω/sq and 80–100 Ω/sq, the resulting films showed improved adhesion but were less homogeneous. Nevertheless, the conductive emeraldine salt form of polyaniline was successfully obtained. The conductive form of polyaniline was obtained without any additional modifications to the electropolymerization procedure. Notably, the literature provides no systematic analysis of electropolymerization on ITO substrates with different surface resistivities, which opens up new research opportunities and provides a basis for the rational design and optimization of PANI-based electro-optical coatings for advanced sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Aniline Electropolymerization on Indium–Tin Oxide Nanofilms with Different Surface Resistivity: A Comprehensive Study.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kotowicz%2C+Sonia%22">Kotowicz, Sonia</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> sonia.kotowicz@us.edu.pl</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hajduk%2C+Barbara%22">Hajduk, Barbara</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jarka%2C+Paweł%22">Jarka, Paweł</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pająk%2C+Agnieszka+Katarzyna%22">Pająk, Agnieszka Katarzyna</searchLink><relatesTo>2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kumari%2C+Pallavi%22">Kumari, Pallavi</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Barzic%2C+Andreea+Irina%22">Barzic, Andreea Irina</searchLink><relatesTo>2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Nanomaterials+%282079-4991%29%22">Nanomaterials (2079-4991)</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p165. 22p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electropolymerization%22">Electropolymerization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Surface+resistance%22">Surface resistance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cyclic+voltammetry%22">Cyclic voltammetry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Indium+tin+oxide%22">Indium tin oxide</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polyanilines%22">Polyanilines</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atomic+force+microscopy%22">Atomic force microscopy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optical+coatings%22">Optical coatings</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ellipsometry%22">Ellipsometry</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Aniline (ANI) was electropolymerized on ITO substrates with different surface resistivities. The process was performed by cyclic voltammetry from an aqueous, homogeneous solution containing sulfuric acid and the aniline monomer using various numbers of cycles and scan rates. The resulting polymer films (PANI) were characterized by ATR-IR spectroscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy. The influence of ITO surface resistivity on the electropolymerization process, the quality of the obtained PANI layers, and their optical properties was evaluated. Homogeneous PANI films were produced on ITO substrates with surface resistivities of 15–25 Ω/sq, encompassing both emeraldine salt and emeraldine base forms. Although the film's growth was rapid, it also led to adhesion issues. In contrast, for ITO substrates with surface resistivities of 70–100 Ω/sq and 80–100 Ω/sq, the resulting films showed improved adhesion but were less homogeneous. Nevertheless, the conductive emeraldine salt form of polyaniline was successfully obtained. The conductive form of polyaniline was obtained without any additional modifications to the electropolymerization procedure. Notably, the literature provides no systematic analysis of electropolymerization on ITO substrates with different surface resistivities, which opens up new research opportunities and provides a basis for the rational design and optimization of PANI-based electro-optical coatings for advanced sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/nano16030165
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 22
        StartPage: 165
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Electropolymerization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Surface resistance
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cyclic voltammetry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Indium tin oxide
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polyanilines
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Atomic force microscopy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Optical coatings
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ellipsometry
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Aniline Electropolymerization on Indium–Tin Oxide Nanofilms with Different Surface Resistivity: A Comprehensive Study.
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            NameFull: Kotowicz, Sonia
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            NameFull: Hajduk, Barbara
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            – D: 01
              M: 02
              Text: Feb2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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