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Radiation Pattern Prediction for Third‐Order Intermodulation of the Reconfigurable Reflectarray Antenna With Embedded Varactor.

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Title: Radiation Pattern Prediction for Third‐Order Intermodulation of the Reconfigurable Reflectarray Antenna With Embedded Varactor.
Authors: Tang, Xianli1,2 (AUTHOR), Jia, Yonghao1,2 (AUTHOR) yonghao.jia@seu.edu.cn, Xu, Yuehang3,4 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Xin1,2 (AUTHOR), Lu, Wei‐Bing1,2 (AUTHOR)
Source: International Journal of Numerical Modelling. Jan/Feb2026, Vol. 39 Issue 1, p1-12. 12p.
Subjects: Reflectarray antennas, Intermodulation distortion, Varactors, Computational electromagnetics, Wireless communications, Simulation methods & models
Abstract: Reconfigurable reflectarray antenna (RRA) has been considered a potential technology for future communication. However, few studies focus on investigating the intermodulation distortion induced by its active devices, which are employed to provide different compensation phases for the RRA elements. In this paper, the radiation pattern prediction for third‐order intermodulation (IM3) distortion of the RRA with embedded varactor diodes is first proposed. It is implemented with a nonlinear model of the varactor and full‐wave electromagnetism (FEM) simulation. The presented varactor model is first employed to design the RRA and then to acquire the power and phase of the IM3 signal in each element of the RRA, which is realized with a nonlinear harmonic‐balance and FEM co‐simulation. With the help of the HFSS software, the radiation pattern is achieved when the co‐simulation results of the RRA elements are input. The IM3 radiation measurement of the RRA is presented to verify the radiation pattern prediction of the IM3 signal. The consistent comparison results between the simulation and the measurement indicate that the proposed method is accurate. Significantly, the radiation pattern of the IM3 signal is different from that of the fundamental signal based on the designed RRA. It is meaningful and implies that it may have linearization approaches for the RRA. The proposed method will enhance the application of the RRA since the linearization approach is still a scientific challenge in future wireless networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Numerical Modelling is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 191655754
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Radiation Pattern Prediction for Third‐Order Intermodulation of the Reconfigurable Reflectarray Antenna With Embedded Varactor.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tang%2C+Xianli%22">Tang, Xianli</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jia%2C+Yonghao%22">Jia, Yonghao</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> yonghao.jia@seu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xu%2C+Yuehang%22">Xu, Yuehang</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Xin%22">Zhang, Xin</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lu%2C+Wei‐Bing%22">Lu, Wei‐Bing</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Numerical+Modelling%22">International Journal of Numerical Modelling</searchLink>. Jan/Feb2026, Vol. 39 Issue 1, p1-12. 12p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Reflectarray+antennas%22">Reflectarray antennas</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Intermodulation+distortion%22">Intermodulation distortion</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Varactors%22">Varactors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computational+electromagnetics%22">Computational electromagnetics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wireless+communications%22">Wireless communications</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Simulation+methods+%26+models%22">Simulation methods & models</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Reconfigurable reflectarray antenna (RRA) has been considered a potential technology for future communication. However, few studies focus on investigating the intermodulation distortion induced by its active devices, which are employed to provide different compensation phases for the RRA elements. In this paper, the radiation pattern prediction for third‐order intermodulation (IM3) distortion of the RRA with embedded varactor diodes is first proposed. It is implemented with a nonlinear model of the varactor and full‐wave electromagnetism (FEM) simulation. The presented varactor model is first employed to design the RRA and then to acquire the power and phase of the IM3 signal in each element of the RRA, which is realized with a nonlinear harmonic‐balance and FEM co‐simulation. With the help of the HFSS software, the radiation pattern is achieved when the co‐simulation results of the RRA elements are input. The IM3 radiation measurement of the RRA is presented to verify the radiation pattern prediction of the IM3 signal. The consistent comparison results between the simulation and the measurement indicate that the proposed method is accurate. Significantly, the radiation pattern of the IM3 signal is different from that of the fundamental signal based on the designed RRA. It is meaningful and implies that it may have linearization approaches for the RRA. The proposed method will enhance the application of the RRA since the linearization approach is still a scientific challenge in future wireless networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Numerical Modelling is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/jnm.70151
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 12
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Reflectarray antennas
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Intermodulation distortion
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Varactors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computational electromagnetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wireless communications
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Simulation methods & models
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Radiation Pattern Prediction for Third‐Order Intermodulation of the Reconfigurable Reflectarray Antenna With Embedded Varactor.
        Type: main
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          Name:
            NameFull: Tang, Xianli
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            NameFull: Jia, Yonghao
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            NameFull: Xu, Yuehang
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            NameFull: Zhang, Xin
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            NameFull: Lu, Wei‐Bing
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            – D: 01
              M: 01
              Text: Jan/Feb2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 39
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            – TitleFull: International Journal of Numerical Modelling
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