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Tailoring fly ash geopolymer ceramics: The influence of alkaline activation and thermal treatment on structure and phase transformation.

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Title: Tailoring fly ash geopolymer ceramics: The influence of alkaline activation and thermal treatment on structure and phase transformation.
Authors: Kljajević, Ljiljana1 (AUTHOR) ljiljana@vin.bg.ac.rs, Marković, Smilja2 (AUTHOR) smarkovic@itn.sanu.ac.rs, Mladenović Nikolić, Nataša1 (AUTHOR) natasa.nikolic@vin.bg.ac.rs, Nenadović, Miloš3 (AUTHOR) milosn@vin.bg.ac.rs, Mirković, Miljana1 (AUTHOR) miljanam@vin.bg.ac.rs, Pavlović, Vladimir2,4 (AUTHOR) vlaver@agrif.bg.ac.rs, Bučevac, Dušan1 (AUTHOR) bucevac@vin.bg.ac.rs, Nenadović, Snežana1 (AUTHOR) msneza@vin.bg.ac.rs
Source: Ceramics International. Feb2026, Vol. 52 Issue 5, p6342-6355. 14p.
Subjects: Heat treatment, Alkalinization, X-ray powder diffraction, Ceramics, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Phase transitions, Fly ash, Sodium hydroxide
Abstract: In this study, fly ash, an industrial waste material, was used as a solid precursor for geopolymer synthesis. The sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide volume ratio was maintained at 1.6, with NaOH molarities of 2M, 4M, 6M, and 12M, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 0.9. Thermal analysis demonstrated good stability of the geopolymer samples up to 900 °C, with major mass loss below 200 °C due to water evaporation and structural dehydroxylation between 200 and 650 °C. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of quartz, albite, and mullite in all samples, while increasing NaOH molarity led to the formation of faujasite. When these samples were heated, their internal structure became more organized and stable, leading to the formation of the mineral nepheline. This suggests that the thermal treatment was effective in promoting a more defined arrangement of atoms within the material, with this effect being particularly pronounced in samples produced using alkaline activators of higher molarity. FTIR spectroscopy identified vibrational bands corresponding Si–O/Al–O structures, with shifts in Si–O–T bands (T is Si, Al, Na) toward lower wavenumbers as alkalinity increased. Thermal exposure resulted in the disappearance of water-related signals and the emergence of carbonate band, confirming further phase transformation. These findings demonstrate the successful conversion of fly ash into geopolymer ceramics with tunable properties through controlled alkaline activation and heat treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Ceramics International is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 191664186
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Tailoring fly ash geopolymer ceramics: The influence of alkaline activation and thermal treatment on structure and phase transformation.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kljajević%2C+Ljiljana%22">Kljajević, Ljiljana</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> ljiljana@vin.bg.ac.rs</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Marković%2C+Smilja%22">Marković, Smilja</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> smarkovic@itn.sanu.ac.rs</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mladenović+Nikolić%2C+Nataša%22">Mladenović Nikolić, Nataša</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> natasa.nikolic@vin.bg.ac.rs</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nenadović%2C+Miloš%22">Nenadović, Miloš</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> milosn@vin.bg.ac.rs</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mirković%2C+Miljana%22">Mirković, Miljana</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> miljanam@vin.bg.ac.rs</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pavlović%2C+Vladimir%22">Pavlović, Vladimir</searchLink><relatesTo>2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> vlaver@agrif.bg.ac.rs</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bučevac%2C+Dušan%22">Bučevac, Dušan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> bucevac@vin.bg.ac.rs</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nenadović%2C+Snežana%22">Nenadović, Snežana</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> msneza@vin.bg.ac.rs</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Ceramics+International%22">Ceramics International</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 52 Issue 5, p6342-6355. 14p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+treatment%22">Heat treatment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Alkalinization%22">Alkalinization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22X-ray+powder+diffraction%22">X-ray powder diffraction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ceramics%22">Ceramics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fourier+transform+infrared+spectroscopy%22">Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phase+transitions%22">Phase transitions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fly+ash%22">Fly ash</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sodium+hydroxide%22">Sodium hydroxide</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: In this study, fly ash, an industrial waste material, was used as a solid precursor for geopolymer synthesis. The sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide volume ratio was maintained at 1.6, with NaOH molarities of 2M, 4M, 6M, and 12M, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 0.9. Thermal analysis demonstrated good stability of the geopolymer samples up to 900 °C, with major mass loss below 200 °C due to water evaporation and structural dehydroxylation between 200 and 650 °C. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of quartz, albite, and mullite in all samples, while increasing NaOH molarity led to the formation of faujasite. When these samples were heated, their internal structure became more organized and stable, leading to the formation of the mineral nepheline. This suggests that the thermal treatment was effective in promoting a more defined arrangement of atoms within the material, with this effect being particularly pronounced in samples produced using alkaline activators of higher molarity. FTIR spectroscopy identified vibrational bands corresponding Si–O/Al–O structures, with shifts in Si–O–T bands (T is Si, Al, Na) toward lower wavenumbers as alkalinity increased. Thermal exposure resulted in the disappearance of water-related signals and the emergence of carbonate band, confirming further phase transformation. These findings demonstrate the successful conversion of fly ash into geopolymer ceramics with tunable properties through controlled alkaline activation and heat treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Ceramics International is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.390
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 14
        StartPage: 6342
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Heat treatment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Alkalinization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: X-ray powder diffraction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ceramics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phase transitions
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fly ash
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sodium hydroxide
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Tailoring fly ash geopolymer ceramics: The influence of alkaline activation and thermal treatment on structure and phase transformation.
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            NameFull: Kljajević, Ljiljana
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            NameFull: Mladenović Nikolić, Nataša
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            NameFull: Nenadović, Miloš
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              Text: Feb2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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