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Series vs. Parallel connections in BIPV arrays: A performance-based assessment under different irradiance scenarios.

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Title: Series vs. Parallel connections in BIPV arrays: A performance-based assessment under different irradiance scenarios.
Authors: Balachandran, Gurukarthik Babu1 (AUTHOR) mspsbguru@gmail.com, Ramachandran, Muthu Eshwaran2 (AUTHOR), David, Prince Winston1 (AUTHOR), Velladurai, Petchithai3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power & Energy (Sage Publications, Ltd.). Mar2026, Vol. 240 Issue 2, p282-303. 22p.
Subjects: Building-integrated photovoltaic systems, Parallel electric circuits, Electric power production, Photovoltaic power generation, Efficiency of photovoltaic cells, Renewable energy sources, Sunshine, Electric connectors
Abstract: As a naturally abundant and renewable resource, solar energy makes photovoltaics a highly sophisticated choice for future energy systems. The Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) refers to the integration of solar panels into building structures. Today, the building industry is expanding to meet the norms for almost Zero Energy Building. To enhance the power generation, the panels are placed at different positions and connected with various interconnection patterns. Photovoltaic modules are incorporated into the building to generate electricity and make some changes in the infrastructure of the building. It appears to be one of the best options because it takes up less area and turns building envelopes to generate electricity. BIPV is used to generate electricity on the roofs, exterior walls, windows, and doors of residences and commercial buildings. By identifying the optimal placement of panels with different interconnection patterns the output power will be enhanced. By way of examination in the sunshade position, series connection appears to be the best because at the range of (500 W/m2) irradiation the maximum power (Pm) becomes 102.55 W. In slanting position, series connection appears to be the best because at the range of (500 W/m2) irradiation the maximum power (Pm) becomes 151.47 W. In the Rooftop position, the parallel connection seems to be the best because at the range of (500 W/m2) irradiation the maximum output power (Pm) will be 102.49 W. The application of RSM for optimization produced statistically significant models, as evidenced by p -values of 0.0362 for output power and 0.03 for the temperature coefficient. The respective R2 values of 0.8433 and 0.85 confirm the model's reliability and predictive accuracy. BIPV technology enhance photovoltaic output, supporting customized solar energy solutions for different architectural setups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power & Energy (Sage Publications, Ltd.) is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Series vs. Parallel connections in BIPV arrays: A performance-based assessment under different irradiance scenarios.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Building-integrated+photovoltaic+systems%22">Building-integrated photovoltaic systems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Parallel+electric+circuits%22">Parallel electric circuits</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electric+power+production%22">Electric power production</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photovoltaic+power+generation%22">Photovoltaic power generation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Efficiency+of+photovoltaic+cells%22">Efficiency of photovoltaic cells</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Renewable+energy+sources%22">Renewable energy sources</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sunshine%22">Sunshine</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electric+connectors%22">Electric connectors</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: As a naturally abundant and renewable resource, solar energy makes photovoltaics a highly sophisticated choice for future energy systems. The Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) refers to the integration of solar panels into building structures. Today, the building industry is expanding to meet the norms for almost Zero Energy Building. To enhance the power generation, the panels are placed at different positions and connected with various interconnection patterns. Photovoltaic modules are incorporated into the building to generate electricity and make some changes in the infrastructure of the building. It appears to be one of the best options because it takes up less area and turns building envelopes to generate electricity. BIPV is used to generate electricity on the roofs, exterior walls, windows, and doors of residences and commercial buildings. By identifying the optimal placement of panels with different interconnection patterns the output power will be enhanced. By way of examination in the sunshade position, series connection appears to be the best because at the range of (500 W/m2) irradiation the maximum power (Pm) becomes 102.55 W. In slanting position, series connection appears to be the best because at the range of (500 W/m2) irradiation the maximum power (Pm) becomes 151.47 W. In the Rooftop position, the parallel connection seems to be the best because at the range of (500 W/m2) irradiation the maximum output power (Pm) will be 102.49 W. The application of RSM for optimization produced statistically significant models, as evidenced by p -values of 0.0362 for output power and 0.03 for the temperature coefficient. The respective R2 values of 0.8433 and 0.85 confirm the model's reliability and predictive accuracy. BIPV technology enhance photovoltaic output, supporting customized solar energy solutions for different architectural setups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power & Energy (Sage Publications, Ltd.) is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1177/09576509251408141
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 22
        StartPage: 282
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Building-integrated photovoltaic systems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Parallel electric circuits
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electric power production
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Photovoltaic power generation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Efficiency of photovoltaic cells
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Renewable energy sources
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sunshine
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electric connectors
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Series vs. Parallel connections in BIPV arrays: A performance-based assessment under different irradiance scenarios.
        Type: main
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          Name:
            NameFull: Balachandran, Gurukarthik Babu
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            NameFull: Ramachandran, Muthu Eshwaran
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            NameFull: David, Prince Winston
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            NameFull: Velladurai, Petchithai
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 03
              Text: Mar2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
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              Value: 240
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              Value: 2
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power & Energy (Sage Publications, Ltd.)
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