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Assessing water-use-efficient irrigation strategies for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Uttarakhand by using the AquaCrop model.

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Title: Assessing water-use-efficient irrigation strategies for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Uttarakhand by using the AquaCrop model.
Authors: Sharma, Sandhya1 (AUTHOR), Kothari, Kritika1 (AUTHOR) kritika.kothari@wr.iitr.ac.in
Source: Irrigation Science. Mar2026, Vol. 44 Issue 2, p1-24. 24p.
Abstract: Efficient irrigation plays a vital role in the sustainable production of wheat. Surplus irrigation can cause wastage of water and decrease water use efficiency. The objective of the present study was to assess irrigation management strategies for the wheat crop in the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand. The AquaCrop model was calibrated and evaluated using 24 years (1997–2021) of district-level wheat yield data from Dehradun, Haridwar, Nainital, and Udham Singh Nagar. A total of 40 irrigation scenarios were simulated under dry, normal, and wet year conditions, categorized using a drought index. Irrigation scenarios were formulated based on farmers’ practices as per rotational water delivery, percentage depletion of readily available water (RAW), and critical crop growth stages. Best scenarios were identified based on crop yield and IWUE, which was defined as the ratio of the difference between irrigated and rainfed yield and the seasonal irrigation applied. The model demonstrated adequate performance in simulating grain yield during calibration (RMSE 0.23–0.34 t ha− 1, NRMSE 7.05–17.00% and PBIAS − 4.55 to − 0.75%) and evaluation (RMSE 0.39–0.50 t ha− 1, NRMSE 11.90–23.68% and PBIAS 0.05–6.28%). Beyond an irrigation threshold of 250–300 mm, additional water did not substantially improve yield. District-specific evapotranspiration (ET) thresholds were identified, with plateau points at 318.6 mm (Dehradun), 301.8 mm (Haridwar), 378.3 mm (Nainital), and 374.1 mm (Udham Singh Nagar). The IWUE peaked at lower irrigation levels (100–200 mm), particularly in dry years. The findings highlight the critical need for location-specific irrigation scheduling to improve IWUE and promote sustainable wheat production in water-scarce regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Irrigation Science is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Assessing water-use-efficient irrigation strategies for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Uttarakhand by using the AquaCrop model.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sharma%2C+Sandhya%22">Sharma, Sandhya</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kothari%2C+Kritika%22">Kothari, Kritika</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> kritika.kothari@wr.iitr.ac.in</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Irrigation+Science%22">Irrigation Science</searchLink>. Mar2026, Vol. 44 Issue 2, p1-24. 24p.
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Efficient irrigation plays a vital role in the sustainable production of wheat. Surplus irrigation can cause wastage of water and decrease water use efficiency. The objective of the present study was to assess irrigation management strategies for the wheat crop in the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand. The AquaCrop model was calibrated and evaluated using 24 years (1997–2021) of district-level wheat yield data from Dehradun, Haridwar, Nainital, and Udham Singh Nagar. A total of 40 irrigation scenarios were simulated under dry, normal, and wet year conditions, categorized using a drought index. Irrigation scenarios were formulated based on farmers’ practices as per rotational water delivery, percentage depletion of readily available water (RAW), and critical crop growth stages. Best scenarios were identified based on crop yield and IWUE, which was defined as the ratio of the difference between irrigated and rainfed yield and the seasonal irrigation applied. The model demonstrated adequate performance in simulating grain yield during calibration (RMSE 0.23–0.34 t ha− 1, NRMSE 7.05–17.00% and PBIAS − 4.55 to − 0.75%) and evaluation (RMSE 0.39–0.50 t ha− 1, NRMSE 11.90–23.68% and PBIAS 0.05–6.28%). Beyond an irrigation threshold of 250–300 mm, additional water did not substantially improve yield. District-specific evapotranspiration (ET) thresholds were identified, with plateau points at 318.6 mm (Dehradun), 301.8 mm (Haridwar), 378.3 mm (Nainital), and 374.1 mm (Udham Singh Nagar). The IWUE peaked at lower irrigation levels (100–200 mm), particularly in dry years. The findings highlight the critical need for location-specific irrigation scheduling to improve IWUE and promote sustainable wheat production in water-scarce regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Irrigation Science is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s00271-026-01098-1
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        Text: English
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      – TitleFull: Assessing water-use-efficient irrigation strategies for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Uttarakhand by using the AquaCrop model.
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              Text: Mar2026
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