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Immunodetection of Poorly Soluble Substances: Limitations and Their Overcoming.

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Title: Immunodetection of Poorly Soluble Substances: Limitations and Their Overcoming.
Authors: A. N., Berlina1 (AUTHOR) anberlina@yandex.ru, O. D., Hendrickson1 (AUTHOR), N. S., Komova1 (AUTHOR), A. V., Zherdev1 (AUTHOR), B. B., Dzantiev1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry. 2026, Vol. 56 Issue 2, p209-234. 26p.
Subjects: Immunoassay, Solubilization, Immunochemistry, Surface active agents, Hydrophobic interactions, Binding sites, Fullerenes, Hydrophobic compounds
Abstract: Immunoassays based on the specific antigen—antibody interactions are efficient tools to detect various compounds and estimate their content. Usually, these assays are implemented in water-saline media with composition close to physiological conditions. However, many substances are insoluble or cannot be molecularly dispersed in such media, which objectively creates problems when interacting in aquatic environments. Thus, obtaining immunoreactants and implementing immunoassays of these substances need special methodological solutions. Hydrophobicity of antigens as well as their limited ability to functionalization and conjugation are often overlooked when developing immunoassays for these compounds. The main key finding is the possibility to influence the behavior of hydrophobic compounds for immunoassays, which requires specific approaches summarized in the review. Using the examples of two groups of compounds—surfactants (alkyl- and bisphenols) and fullerenes, we systematized the existing knowledge and experience in the development of immunoassays. This review addresses the challenges of immunodetection of poorly soluble substances and proposes solutions such as the use of hydrotropes, other solubilization techniques, and alternative receptors (aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Immunodetection of Poorly Soluble Substances: Limitations and Their Overcoming.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22A%2E+N%2E%2C+Berlina%22">A. N., Berlina</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> anberlina@yandex.ru</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22O%2E+D%2E%2C+Hendrickson%22">O. D., Hendrickson</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22N%2E+S%2E%2C+Komova%22">N. S., Komova</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22A%2E+V%2E%2C+Zherdev%22">A. V., Zherdev</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22B%2E+B%2E%2C+Dzantiev%22">B. B., Dzantiev</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Critical+Reviews+in+Analytical+Chemistry%22">Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry</searchLink>. 2026, Vol. 56 Issue 2, p209-234. 26p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Immunoassay%22">Immunoassay</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solubilization%22">Solubilization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Immunochemistry%22">Immunochemistry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Surface+active+agents%22">Surface active agents</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydrophobic+interactions%22">Hydrophobic interactions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Binding+sites%22">Binding sites</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fullerenes%22">Fullerenes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydrophobic+compounds%22">Hydrophobic compounds</searchLink>
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  Data: Immunoassays based on the specific antigen—antibody interactions are efficient tools to detect various compounds and estimate their content. Usually, these assays are implemented in water-saline media with composition close to physiological conditions. However, many substances are insoluble or cannot be molecularly dispersed in such media, which objectively creates problems when interacting in aquatic environments. Thus, obtaining immunoreactants and implementing immunoassays of these substances need special methodological solutions. Hydrophobicity of antigens as well as their limited ability to functionalization and conjugation are often overlooked when developing immunoassays for these compounds. The main key finding is the possibility to influence the behavior of hydrophobic compounds for immunoassays, which requires specific approaches summarized in the review. Using the examples of two groups of compounds—surfactants (alkyl- and bisphenols) and fullerenes, we systematized the existing knowledge and experience in the development of immunoassays. This review addresses the challenges of immunodetection of poorly soluble substances and proposes solutions such as the use of hydrotropes, other solubilization techniques, and alternative receptors (aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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        Value: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2402835
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 26
        StartPage: 209
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      – SubjectFull: Immunoassay
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Solubilization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Immunochemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Surface active agents
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      – SubjectFull: Hydrophobic interactions
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      – SubjectFull: Binding sites
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fullerenes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hydrophobic compounds
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Immunodetection of Poorly Soluble Substances: Limitations and Their Overcoming.
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            NameFull: N. S., Komova
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              Text: 2026
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              Y: 2026
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