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Modeling of concrete under external sulfate attack considering the effect of multiple chemical reactions.

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Title: Modeling of concrete under external sulfate attack considering the effect of multiple chemical reactions.
Authors: Ren, Yihao1 (AUTHOR), Qin, Bao2 (AUTHOR), Zhong, Zheng1 (AUTHOR) zhongzheng@hit.edu.cn
Source: International Journal of Damage Mechanics. Mar2026, Vol. 35 Issue 3, p426-453. 28p.
Subjects: Chemical reactions, Ettringite, Deterioration of concrete, Mechanical loads, Chemical kinetics, Structural failures
Abstract: Once sulfate ions enter a concrete structure, they can react with multiple aluminate phases within the concrete to form ettringite, which eventually leads to swelling and cracking of the structure. To reveal the mechanism of external sulfate attack (ESA), a fully coupled nonlinear constitutive model is developed for transient diffusion-reaction-deformation response of concrete exposed to sulfate environment, by introducing the concentration of sulfate diffusion and the extents of multiple sulfate reactions as independent variables to characterize their respective contributions to free energy and volume expansion. In addition, a structural damage function is incorporated to measure the effect of ESA on elastic constants and diffusion coefficient of concrete. Specially, multiple reaction kinetics equations are established to satisfy the dissipation inequality, which depend not only on the concentrations of the species involved, but also on the stress. The model is then validated by comparing with the experimental results of one-dimensional sulfate attack, and numerical examples are used to illustrate the competing mechanisms between multiple reaction pathways and the interaction between chemical reactions and mechanical loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Damage Mechanics is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 192008663
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Modeling of concrete under external sulfate attack considering the effect of multiple chemical reactions.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ren%2C+Yihao%22">Ren, Yihao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Qin%2C+Bao%22">Qin, Bao</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhong%2C+Zheng%22">Zhong, Zheng</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> zhongzheng@hit.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Damage+Mechanics%22">International Journal of Damage Mechanics</searchLink>. Mar2026, Vol. 35 Issue 3, p426-453. 28p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemical+reactions%22">Chemical reactions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ettringite%22">Ettringite</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Deterioration+of+concrete%22">Deterioration of concrete</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+loads%22">Mechanical loads</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemical+kinetics%22">Chemical kinetics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Structural+failures%22">Structural failures</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Once sulfate ions enter a concrete structure, they can react with multiple aluminate phases within the concrete to form ettringite, which eventually leads to swelling and cracking of the structure. To reveal the mechanism of external sulfate attack (ESA), a fully coupled nonlinear constitutive model is developed for transient diffusion-reaction-deformation response of concrete exposed to sulfate environment, by introducing the concentration of sulfate diffusion and the extents of multiple sulfate reactions as independent variables to characterize their respective contributions to free energy and volume expansion. In addition, a structural damage function is incorporated to measure the effect of ESA on elastic constants and diffusion coefficient of concrete. Specially, multiple reaction kinetics equations are established to satisfy the dissipation inequality, which depend not only on the concentrations of the species involved, but also on the stress. The model is then validated by comparing with the experimental results of one-dimensional sulfate attack, and numerical examples are used to illustrate the competing mechanisms between multiple reaction pathways and the interaction between chemical reactions and mechanical loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Damage Mechanics is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1177/10567895251365631
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 28
        StartPage: 426
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Chemical reactions
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ettringite
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Deterioration of concrete
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical loads
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chemical kinetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Structural failures
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Modeling of concrete under external sulfate attack considering the effect of multiple chemical reactions.
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            NameFull: Ren, Yihao
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            NameFull: Qin, Bao
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            NameFull: Zhong, Zheng
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 03
              Text: Mar2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 35
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            – TitleFull: International Journal of Damage Mechanics
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