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Sustainable Modification of Bitumen Using Waste Toner and Lignin.

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Title: Sustainable Modification of Bitumen Using Waste Toner and Lignin.
Authors: Varli Bingöl, Başak1 (AUTHOR), Fiat, Samed Oğuzhan1,2 (AUTHOR), Genç, Ömer1 (AUTHOR), Özdemir, Mehmet Emin1,2 (AUTHOR), Yaylaci, Murat2 (AUTHOR) murat.yaylaci@erdogan.edu.tr
Source: Polymers (20734360). Feb2026, Vol. 18 Issue 4, p446. 13p.
Subjects: Bitumen, Lignins, Additives, Thermal stability, Waste products, Sustainability, Microstructure, Bitumen analysis
Abstract: Integrating waste materials into road infrastructure is essential for environmental sustainability and resource efficiency. This study addresses the modification of short-term-aged 50/70-penetration-grade bitumen using two sustainable additives: waste toner powder and lignin. Waste toner was added at weight percentages of 4%, 8%, 12%, and 16%, while lignin was added at 15% and 20%. Since these modifiers have individual uses, this study examines how they may strengthen the oxidized binder. It focuses on extending the lifespan of the mixture by combining industrial and bio-based polymers. The main aim was to delineate the impact of these modifiers on the physical consistency, low-temperature flexibility, and microstructural morphology of the binder. The results show that both modifiers increase binder stiffness by reducing penetration at all modification rates. The resins in the waste toner enhance the polymer matrix, and the lignin's aromatic structure increases the elastic components, improving high-temperature stability. However, ductility tests showed a reduction in elongation capability, suggesting a brittle state at lower temperatures. Also, waste toner additive is identified as the ideal modifier for high-temperature applications. SEM analysis illuminated the mechanisms underlying these performance modifications. Both additives had homogeneous distribution and good bitumen matrix interfacial bonding at lower concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Sustainable Modification of Bitumen Using Waste Toner and Lignin.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Varli+Bingöl%2C+Başak%22">Varli Bingöl, Başak</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fiat%2C+Samed+Oğuzhan%22">Fiat, Samed Oğuzhan</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Genç%2C+Ömer%22">Genç, Ömer</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Özdemir%2C+Mehmet+Emin%22">Özdemir, Mehmet Emin</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yaylaci%2C+Murat%22">Yaylaci, Murat</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> murat.yaylaci@erdogan.edu.tr</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 18 Issue 4, p446. 13p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bitumen%22">Bitumen</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lignins%22">Lignins</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Additives%22">Additives</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermal+stability%22">Thermal stability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Waste+products%22">Waste products</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sustainability%22">Sustainability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microstructure%22">Microstructure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bitumen+analysis%22">Bitumen analysis</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Integrating waste materials into road infrastructure is essential for environmental sustainability and resource efficiency. This study addresses the modification of short-term-aged 50/70-penetration-grade bitumen using two sustainable additives: waste toner powder and lignin. Waste toner was added at weight percentages of 4%, 8%, 12%, and 16%, while lignin was added at 15% and 20%. Since these modifiers have individual uses, this study examines how they may strengthen the oxidized binder. It focuses on extending the lifespan of the mixture by combining industrial and bio-based polymers. The main aim was to delineate the impact of these modifiers on the physical consistency, low-temperature flexibility, and microstructural morphology of the binder. The results show that both modifiers increase binder stiffness by reducing penetration at all modification rates. The resins in the waste toner enhance the polymer matrix, and the lignin's aromatic structure increases the elastic components, improving high-temperature stability. However, ductility tests showed a reduction in elongation capability, suggesting a brittle state at lower temperatures. Also, waste toner additive is identified as the ideal modifier for high-temperature applications. SEM analysis illuminated the mechanisms underlying these performance modifications. Both additives had homogeneous distribution and good bitumen matrix interfacial bonding at lower concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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        Value: 10.3390/polym18040446
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 446
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Bitumen
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lignins
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Additives
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermal stability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Waste products
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sustainability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microstructure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bitumen analysis
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Sustainable Modification of Bitumen Using Waste Toner and Lignin.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Varli Bingöl, Başak
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Fiat, Samed Oğuzhan
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            NameFull: Genç, Ömer
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            NameFull: Özdemir, Mehmet Emin
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            NameFull: Yaylaci, Murat
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              M: 02
              Text: Feb2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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