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Effects of Catalyst on the Properties of Bio-Based Epoxy Resin.

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Title: Effects of Catalyst on the Properties of Bio-Based Epoxy Resin.
Authors: Bozorgi, Neda1 (AUTHOR), Jeewantha, Janitha2 (AUTHOR) janitha.jeewantha@unisq.edu.au, Manalo, Allan2,3 (AUTHOR), AlAjarmeh, Omar2,3,4 (AUTHOR), Seligmann, Hannah1 (AUTHOR), Steed, Sean2,4 (AUTHOR), Clarke, Stephen3,4 (AUTHOR)
Source: Polymers (20734360). Feb2026, Vol. 18 Issue 4, p508. 27p.
Subjects: Catalysis, Polymerization kinetics, Polymer networks, Tensile strength, Polymerization, Thermal properties, Epoxy resins, Biodegradable materials
Abstract: The increasing demand for high-performance composites has driven the need for sustainable alternatives to conventional petroleum-based resins. This research introduces a novel glycerol-derived bio-epoxy resin and investigates the effect of catalyst concentration on its curing behaviour, network structure, and thermomechanical performance. Four catalyst concentrations were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) combined with tensile, flexural, and compression testing. DSC results revealed that increasing the catalyst concentration significantly lowered the curing activation energy, shifting the exothermic peak temperature from 194.8 °C to 145.2 °C. DMA revealed that the glass transition temperature (Tg), crosslinking density, and stiffness consistently increased up to an optimal catalyst concentration, reaching a maximum Tg of 109.0 °C. Further increases in catalyst content led to slight reductions in Tg and crosslink density due to the formation of a heterogeneous network. The optimal concentration enhanced tensile and compressive strength by 32.8% and 9.3%, respectively. At excessive catalyst concentration, strength properties deteriorated despite increased material rigidity. These findings confirm the critical role of catalyst in governing polymerisation kinetics and network structure, demonstrating that an optimal catalyst percentage is essential for maximising strength and durability, making the bio-epoxy a viable, high-performance alternative for advanced composite manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Effects of Catalyst on the Properties of Bio-Based Epoxy Resin.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bozorgi%2C+Neda%22">Bozorgi, Neda</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jeewantha%2C+Janitha%22">Jeewantha, Janitha</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> janitha.jeewantha@unisq.edu.au</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Manalo%2C+Allan%22">Manalo, Allan</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22AlAjarmeh%2C+Omar%22">AlAjarmeh, Omar</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Seligmann%2C+Hannah%22">Seligmann, Hannah</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Steed%2C+Sean%22">Steed, Sean</searchLink><relatesTo>2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Clarke%2C+Stephen%22">Clarke, Stephen</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 18 Issue 4, p508. 27p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Catalysis%22">Catalysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polymerization+kinetics%22">Polymerization kinetics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polymer+networks%22">Polymer networks</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tensile+strength%22">Tensile strength</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polymerization%22">Polymerization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermal+properties%22">Thermal properties</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Epoxy+resins%22">Epoxy resins</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biodegradable+materials%22">Biodegradable materials</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The increasing demand for high-performance composites has driven the need for sustainable alternatives to conventional petroleum-based resins. This research introduces a novel glycerol-derived bio-epoxy resin and investigates the effect of catalyst concentration on its curing behaviour, network structure, and thermomechanical performance. Four catalyst concentrations were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) combined with tensile, flexural, and compression testing. DSC results revealed that increasing the catalyst concentration significantly lowered the curing activation energy, shifting the exothermic peak temperature from 194.8 °C to 145.2 °C. DMA revealed that the glass transition temperature (Tg), crosslinking density, and stiffness consistently increased up to an optimal catalyst concentration, reaching a maximum Tg of 109.0 °C. Further increases in catalyst content led to slight reductions in Tg and crosslink density due to the formation of a heterogeneous network. The optimal concentration enhanced tensile and compressive strength by 32.8% and 9.3%, respectively. At excessive catalyst concentration, strength properties deteriorated despite increased material rigidity. These findings confirm the critical role of catalyst in governing polymerisation kinetics and network structure, demonstrating that an optimal catalyst percentage is essential for maximising strength and durability, making the bio-epoxy a viable, high-performance alternative for advanced composite manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/polym18040508
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 27
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      – SubjectFull: Catalysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polymerization kinetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polymer networks
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Tensile strength
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polymerization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermal properties
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Epoxy resins
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Biodegradable materials
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      – TitleFull: Effects of Catalyst on the Properties of Bio-Based Epoxy Resin.
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            NameFull: Jeewantha, Janitha
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              M: 02
              Text: Feb2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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