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A Wearable Strain Sensor Based on 3D Silicone Printing with Composite Structure Design.

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Title: A Wearable Strain Sensor Based on 3D Silicone Printing with Composite Structure Design.
Authors: Lin, Jiun-Hung1 jhlin001@nkust.edu.tw
Source: International Journal of Online & Biomedical Engineering. 2026, Vol. 22 Issue 3, p58-72. 15p.
Subjects: Strain sensors, Composite structures, Laminated materials, Motion capture (Human mechanics), Silicone rubber, Adhesives, Patient monitoring
Abstract: Flexible strain sensors hold significant potential in wearable electronics and human motion tracking; however, achieving a balance among sufficient measurement range, low hysteresis response, and reliable skin adhesion remains challenging. In this study, a wearable strain sensor was developed using 3D-printed silicone, and the performance of a single-layer conductive silicone design (P1) was compared with a multilayer configuration integrating an adhesive interface and medical-grade artificial skin (P2). Results show that P2 successfully extends the measurable displacement range to 10 mm and reduces hysteresis from 0.26 to 0.03 at 3 mm strain, while maintaining stable cyclic performance (standard deviation ± 0.018). The multilayer architecture improves repeatability under repeated stretching by stabilizing the conductive network and enhancing skin-attachment reliability. Human testing further demonstrates that P2 can reliably track wrist motion within 0°-30°, with resistance changes closely aligned to IMU-derived angle signals and without noticeable baseline drift. Overall, this work presents a cost-effective, skin-compatible silicone strain sensor suitable for wearable human motion monitoring, highlighting its potential for applications in health tracking and rehabilitation-related movement analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Online & Biomedical Engineering is the property of International Journal of Online Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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  Data: A Wearable Strain Sensor Based on 3D Silicone Printing with Composite Structure Design.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lin%2C+Jiun-Hung%22">Lin, Jiun-Hung</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> jhlin001@nkust.edu.tw</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Online+%26+Biomedical+Engineering%22">International Journal of Online & Biomedical Engineering</searchLink>. 2026, Vol. 22 Issue 3, p58-72. 15p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Strain+sensors%22">Strain sensors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Composite+structures%22">Composite structures</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Laminated+materials%22">Laminated materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Motion+capture+%28Human+mechanics%29%22">Motion capture (Human mechanics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Silicone+rubber%22">Silicone rubber</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Adhesives%22">Adhesives</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Patient+monitoring%22">Patient monitoring</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Flexible strain sensors hold significant potential in wearable electronics and human motion tracking; however, achieving a balance among sufficient measurement range, low hysteresis response, and reliable skin adhesion remains challenging. In this study, a wearable strain sensor was developed using 3D-printed silicone, and the performance of a single-layer conductive silicone design (P1) was compared with a multilayer configuration integrating an adhesive interface and medical-grade artificial skin (P2). Results show that P2 successfully extends the measurable displacement range to 10 mm and reduces hysteresis from 0.26 to 0.03 at 3 mm strain, while maintaining stable cyclic performance (standard deviation ± 0.018). The multilayer architecture improves repeatability under repeated stretching by stabilizing the conductive network and enhancing skin-attachment reliability. Human testing further demonstrates that P2 can reliably track wrist motion within 0°-30°, with resistance changes closely aligned to IMU-derived angle signals and without noticeable baseline drift. Overall, this work presents a cost-effective, skin-compatible silicone strain sensor suitable for wearable human motion monitoring, highlighting its potential for applications in health tracking and rehabilitation-related movement analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Online & Biomedical Engineering is the property of International Journal of Online Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3991/ijoe.v22i03.59657
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 15
        StartPage: 58
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Strain sensors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Composite structures
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Laminated materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Motion capture (Human mechanics)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Silicone rubber
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Adhesives
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      – SubjectFull: Patient monitoring
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              M: 02
              Text: 2026
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              Y: 2026
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