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Effect of monotonic and cyclic loading on the magnetic properties of non-oriented and grain-oriented electrical steels.

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Title: Effect of monotonic and cyclic loading on the magnetic properties of non-oriented and grain-oriented electrical steels.
Authors: Backes, C.1 (AUTHOR), Smaga, M.1 (AUTHOR) m.smaga@mv.rptu.de, Beck, T.1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Magnetism & Magnetic Materials. Apr2026, Vol. 644, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Electrical steel, Magnetic properties, Magnetic domain, Cyclic loads, Dislocation structure, Mechanical loads
Abstract: The effect of monotonic and cyclic tensile loadings on the magnetic properties of a non-oriented electrical steel (NOES) and grain-oriented electrical steel (GOES) was studied using a single strip tester to measure the magnetic properties of both materials after mechanical loading. In tensile tests, specimens were stressed up to different load levels below the yield stress and then unloaded. For NOES, only the highest investigated load level, with a maximum stress (σ max) of 350 MPa, produced a measurable shift in the knee point of the magnetization curve. This was attributed to microyielding and the respective formation of heterogeneous dislocation structures, that generated long-range internal stresses. Cyclic loading was performed under tension-tension conditions with R σ = 0.1 at σ max = 200, 320, and 350 MPa, followed by magnetic single strip tester measurements at fatigue states of 0.1%, 1%, 10%, 50%, and 100% of the fatigue life. At σ max = 350 MPa, ratcheting was detected after 1% of the expected lifetime, whereas no ratcheting occurred at lower stresses. Nevertheless, magnetic degradation was observed not only after cyclic loading at 350 MPa, but also at 320 MPa, as indicated by increased field demand of the magnetic field strength and higher specific losses. This is attributed to dislocation accumulation and the associated internal stresses. Additionally, domain imaging from MOKE microscopy, before and after cyclic loading, revealed refined structures after 10% of the fatigue life at σ max = 350 MPa, while for the lower load levels, no clear trend in domain evolution was observed. GOES tested at a single load level of 40% of the yield stress showed no systematic influence of monotonic or cyclic loading on magnetic properties could be identified, mainly due to scatter arising from large grain size and small specimen geometry. • Magnetic properties were measured after monotonic and cyclic mechanical loading of NOES and GOES. • NOES exhibits magnetic degradation after monotonic and cyclic loading at 85% of the yield strength. • EBSD and MOKE measurements were combined to analyze microstructure and magnetic domain configurations. • Cyclic loading leads to domain refinement and partial reorientation to the initial magnetic domain structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Magnetism & Magnetic Materials is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Effect of monotonic and cyclic loading on the magnetic properties of non-oriented and grain-oriented electrical steels.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Backes%2C+C%2E%22">Backes, C.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Smaga%2C+M%2E%22">Smaga, M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> m.smaga@mv.rptu.de</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Beck%2C+T%2E%22">Beck, T.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The effect of monotonic and cyclic tensile loadings on the magnetic properties of a non-oriented electrical steel (NOES) and grain-oriented electrical steel (GOES) was studied using a single strip tester to measure the magnetic properties of both materials after mechanical loading. In tensile tests, specimens were stressed up to different load levels below the yield stress and then unloaded. For NOES, only the highest investigated load level, with a maximum stress (σ max) of 350 MPa, produced a measurable shift in the knee point of the magnetization curve. This was attributed to microyielding and the respective formation of heterogeneous dislocation structures, that generated long-range internal stresses. Cyclic loading was performed under tension-tension conditions with R σ = 0.1 at σ max = 200, 320, and 350 MPa, followed by magnetic single strip tester measurements at fatigue states of 0.1%, 1%, 10%, 50%, and 100% of the fatigue life. At σ max = 350 MPa, ratcheting was detected after 1% of the expected lifetime, whereas no ratcheting occurred at lower stresses. Nevertheless, magnetic degradation was observed not only after cyclic loading at 350 MPa, but also at 320 MPa, as indicated by increased field demand of the magnetic field strength and higher specific losses. This is attributed to dislocation accumulation and the associated internal stresses. Additionally, domain imaging from MOKE microscopy, before and after cyclic loading, revealed refined structures after 10% of the fatigue life at σ max = 350 MPa, while for the lower load levels, no clear trend in domain evolution was observed. GOES tested at a single load level of 40% of the yield stress showed no systematic influence of monotonic or cyclic loading on magnetic properties could be identified, mainly due to scatter arising from large grain size and small specimen geometry. • Magnetic properties were measured after monotonic and cyclic mechanical loading of NOES and GOES. • NOES exhibits magnetic degradation after monotonic and cyclic loading at 85% of the yield strength. • EBSD and MOKE measurements were combined to analyze microstructure and magnetic domain configurations. • Cyclic loading leads to domain refinement and partial reorientation to the initial magnetic domain structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Magnetism & Magnetic Materials is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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        Value: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2026.173950
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 1
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      – SubjectFull: Electrical steel
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Magnetic properties
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Magnetic domain
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cyclic loads
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      – SubjectFull: Dislocation structure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical loads
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Effect of monotonic and cyclic loading on the magnetic properties of non-oriented and grain-oriented electrical steels.
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            NameFull: Backes, C.
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            NameFull: Smaga, M.
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            – D: 15
              M: 04
              Text: Apr2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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