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Studies on Base Restrained Walls and Tanks Subjected to Shrinkage.

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Title: Studies on Base Restrained Walls and Tanks Subjected to Shrinkage.
Authors: Bahl, Amrit1, Shariff, Mohammad Najeeb2, Yellamanda, Sankati3
Source: ACI Structural Journal. Mar2026, Vol. 123 Issue 2, p197-210. 14p.
Subjects: Crack formation in solids, Reinforced concrete, Finite element method, Structural design, Deformations (Mechanics)
Abstract: Reinforced concrete (RC) members undergoing shrinkage are susceptible to cracking when restrained; however, studies on this behavior are limited. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to present crack widths, crack patterns, and shrinkage strains from an experimental study on three RC walls with aspect ratios of 3.26 and 1.08, and horizontal reinforcement ratios of 0.2% and 0.35%, as well as a rectangular tank with 0.24% reinforcement. A threedimensional (3-D) nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) is conducted, and the results reveal that although the model predicts strains and maximum crack widths reasonably well, the crack pattern differs from the experiments. The possible reasons for this difference are discussed, and a parametric study is done to propose design equations to estimate restraint factors along the wall centerline for different aspect ratios. These equations can be used to estimate the cracking potential in the design stage without the need for a nonlinear FEA. For length-to-height ratio (L/h) above 4, horizontal reinforcement has negligible effect on the restraint, and for L/h above 8, full-height cracks can be expected due to almost-uniform restraint. Finally, the design codes are compared, and it is found that ACI 207.2R and CIRIA C766 predict shrinkage-induced crack widths conservatively and reasonably accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of ACI Structural Journal is the property of American Concrete Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Studies on Base Restrained Walls and Tanks Subjected to Shrinkage.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22ACI+Structural+Journal%22">ACI Structural Journal</searchLink>. Mar2026, Vol. 123 Issue 2, p197-210. 14p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Crack+formation+in+solids%22">Crack formation in solids</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Reinforced+concrete%22">Reinforced concrete</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Finite+element+method%22">Finite element method</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Structural+design%22">Structural design</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Deformations+%28Mechanics%29%22">Deformations (Mechanics)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Reinforced concrete (RC) members undergoing shrinkage are susceptible to cracking when restrained; however, studies on this behavior are limited. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to present crack widths, crack patterns, and shrinkage strains from an experimental study on three RC walls with aspect ratios of 3.26 and 1.08, and horizontal reinforcement ratios of 0.2% and 0.35%, as well as a rectangular tank with 0.24% reinforcement. A threedimensional (3-D) nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) is conducted, and the results reveal that although the model predicts strains and maximum crack widths reasonably well, the crack pattern differs from the experiments. The possible reasons for this difference are discussed, and a parametric study is done to propose design equations to estimate restraint factors along the wall centerline for different aspect ratios. These equations can be used to estimate the cracking potential in the design stage without the need for a nonlinear FEA. For length-to-height ratio (L/h) above 4, horizontal reinforcement has negligible effect on the restraint, and for L/h above 8, full-height cracks can be expected due to almost-uniform restraint. Finally, the design codes are compared, and it is found that ACI 207.2R and CIRIA C766 predict shrinkage-induced crack widths conservatively and reasonably accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of ACI Structural Journal is the property of American Concrete Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.14359/51749261
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 14
        StartPage: 197
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Crack formation in solids
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Reinforced concrete
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Finite element method
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Structural design
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Deformations (Mechanics)
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Studies on Base Restrained Walls and Tanks Subjected to Shrinkage.
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            NameFull: Bahl, Amrit
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            NameFull: Shariff, Mohammad Najeeb
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            NameFull: Yellamanda, Sankati
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            – D: 01
              M: 03
              Text: Mar2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 123
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