Catalytic Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Galactose Isomerization to Tagatose With a Homogeneous Triethylamine Catalyst.
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| Title: | Catalytic Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Galactose Isomerization to Tagatose With a Homogeneous Triethylamine Catalyst. |
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| Authors: | Babaei, Seyedamirreza1 (AUTHOR), Arabi, Nilofar1 (AUTHOR), Qi, Ji1 (AUTHOR), Zhao, Jikai1 (AUTHOR) jikaizhao@ksu.edu |
| Source: | ChemCatChem. 3/13/2026, Vol. 18 Issue 5, p1-9. 9p. |
| Subjects: | Isomerization, Chemical kinetics, Equilibrium constant (Chemistry), Base catalysts, Galactose, Sugar, Activation energy, Thermodynamics |
| Abstract: | Catalytic isomerization of galactose to produce tagatose has garnered significant attention due to the pressing need for low‐calorie sweeteners. However, there is no detailed kinetic or thermodynamic framework describing the catalytic isomerization of galactose to tagatose. To fill the gap, this study demonstrates a reversible galactose–tagatose–talose network, as parallel irreversible degradation was modeled and experimentally validated across 40–100°C with triethylamine (Et3N) as a homogenous base catalyst in aqueous solution. Time‐resolved concentration profiles were accurately fitted by a pseudo–first‐order model, yielding activation energies (Ea) of 50.6 kJ mol−1 for galactose to tagatose and 73.1 kJ mol−1 for tagatose to talose, respectively. The corresponding equilibrium constants (K(galactose to tagatose) = 0.6–0.99, K(tagatose to talose) = 0.04–0.25) increased with reaction temperature, consistent with an endothermic and entropy‐driven reaction. Thermodynamic analysis gave the standard enthalpy changes (ΔH∘$\Delta {{H}^\circ }$) of 7.9 kJ mol−1 and the standard entropy changes (ΔS∘$\Delta {{S}^\circ }$) of 21 J mol−1 K−1 for the galactose to tagatose reaction equilibrium. Although isomerization towards tagatose accelerated with reaction temperature, degradation became increasingly competitive as k(galactose to byproducts) rose from 2.78 × 10−5 min−1 (40°C) to 2.02 × 10−4 min−1 (100°C), resulting in declining tagatose selectivity at extended times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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| Database: | Engineering Source |
| FullText | Text: Availability: 0 |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 192288790 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Catalytic Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Galactose Isomerization to Tagatose With a Homogeneous Triethylamine Catalyst. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Babaei%2C+Seyedamirreza%22">Babaei, Seyedamirreza</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Arabi%2C+Nilofar%22">Arabi, Nilofar</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Qi%2C+Ji%22">Qi, Ji</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhao%2C+Jikai%22">Zhao, Jikai</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jikaizhao@ksu.edu</i> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22ChemCatChem%22">ChemCatChem</searchLink>. 3/13/2026, Vol. 18 Issue 5, p1-9. 9p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Isomerization%22">Isomerization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemical+kinetics%22">Chemical kinetics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Equilibrium+constant+%28Chemistry%29%22">Equilibrium constant (Chemistry)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Base+catalysts%22">Base catalysts</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Galactose%22">Galactose</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sugar%22">Sugar</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Activation+energy%22">Activation energy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermodynamics%22">Thermodynamics</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Catalytic isomerization of galactose to produce tagatose has garnered significant attention due to the pressing need for low‐calorie sweeteners. However, there is no detailed kinetic or thermodynamic framework describing the catalytic isomerization of galactose to tagatose. To fill the gap, this study demonstrates a reversible galactose–tagatose–talose network, as parallel irreversible degradation was modeled and experimentally validated across 40–100°C with triethylamine (Et3N) as a homogenous base catalyst in aqueous solution. Time‐resolved concentration profiles were accurately fitted by a pseudo–first‐order model, yielding activation energies (Ea) of 50.6 kJ mol−1 for galactose to tagatose and 73.1 kJ mol−1 for tagatose to talose, respectively. The corresponding equilibrium constants (K(galactose to tagatose) = 0.6–0.99, K(tagatose to talose) = 0.04–0.25) increased with reaction temperature, consistent with an endothermic and entropy‐driven reaction. Thermodynamic analysis gave the standard enthalpy changes (ΔH∘$\Delta {{H}^\circ }$) of 7.9 kJ mol−1 and the standard entropy changes (ΔS∘$\Delta {{S}^\circ }$) of 21 J mol−1 K−1 for the galactose to tagatose reaction equilibrium. Although isomerization towards tagatose accelerated with reaction temperature, degradation became increasingly competitive as k(galactose to byproducts) rose from 2.78 × 10−5 min−1 (40°C) to 2.02 × 10−4 min−1 (100°C), resulting in declining tagatose selectivity at extended times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of ChemCatChem is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1002/cctc.202501681 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 9 StartPage: 1 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Isomerization Type: general – SubjectFull: Chemical kinetics Type: general – SubjectFull: Equilibrium constant (Chemistry) Type: general – SubjectFull: Base catalysts Type: general – SubjectFull: Galactose Type: general – SubjectFull: Sugar Type: general – SubjectFull: Activation energy Type: general – SubjectFull: Thermodynamics Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Catalytic Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Galactose Isomerization to Tagatose With a Homogeneous Triethylamine Catalyst. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Babaei, Seyedamirreza – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Arabi, Nilofar – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Qi, Ji – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Zhao, Jikai IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 13 M: 03 Text: 3/13/2026 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 18673880 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 18 – Type: issue Value: 5 Titles: – TitleFull: ChemCatChem Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
