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In perennial Arabis alpina, CONSTANS and FLOWERING LOCUS T have common and distinct effects on flowering and inflorescence architecture.

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Title: In perennial Arabis alpina, CONSTANS and FLOWERING LOCUS T have common and distinct effects on flowering and inflorescence architecture.
Authors: Sashidhar, Niharika1 (AUTHOR), Coupland, George1 (AUTHOR) coupland@mpipz.mpg.de
Source: New Phytologist. Apr2026, Vol. 250 Issue 2, p970-987. 18p.
Subjects: Genes, Inflorescences, Angiosperm genetics, RNA sequencing, Flowering time, Genetic mutation
Abstract: Summary: Flowering of perennial Arabis alpina is differentially regulated on primary and axillary shoots. Although contributions of vernalization and ageing pathways have been analysed, those of photoperiodic flowering genes CONSTANS (CO), FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), and TWIN‐SISTER OF FT (TSF) remain unexplored.CRISPR‐Cas9 mutations in AaCO and AaFT/TWIN SISTER OF FT‐LIKE (TSFL) were recovered. Aaco and Aaft/tsfl mutants in pep1 background were scored for flowering time, inflorescence branching, and floral phenotypes under long (LD) or short days (SD) and after vernalization. RNA‐seq data on primary and axillary branches were compared.AaCO activates AaFT/TSFL transcription in leaves, and Aaco and Aaft tsfl mutations delay flowering under LDs. Axillary branches flowered in Aaco mutants but not in Aaft tsfl mutants. Both lacked inflorescence branches and flowers on the primary shoot under LDs. However, Aaft tsfl mutants produced some flowers after vernalization, and Aaco a few in SDs. RNA‐seq identified genes responsive to AaFT, TSFL, and AaCO on the primary shoot and in axillary branches.Therefore, AaCO‐AaFT promote flowering of A. alpina under LDs, but with distinct roles in axillary branch flowering. Both genes are required for inflorescence branching and flower formation on the primary shoot. The complex role of the CO‐FT module in inflorescence architecture may underlie the polycarpic, perennial life history of A. alpina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of New Phytologist is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: In perennial Arabis alpina, CONSTANS and FLOWERING LOCUS T have common and distinct effects on flowering and inflorescence architecture.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sashidhar%2C+Niharika%22">Sashidhar, Niharika</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Coupland%2C+George%22">Coupland, George</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> coupland@mpipz.mpg.de</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22New+Phytologist%22">New Phytologist</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 250 Issue 2, p970-987. 18p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Genes%22">Genes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Inflorescences%22">Inflorescences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Angiosperm+genetics%22">Angiosperm genetics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22RNA+sequencing%22">RNA sequencing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flowering+time%22">Flowering time</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Genetic+mutation%22">Genetic mutation</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Summary: Flowering of perennial Arabis alpina is differentially regulated on primary and axillary shoots. Although contributions of vernalization and ageing pathways have been analysed, those of photoperiodic flowering genes CONSTANS (CO), FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), and TWIN‐SISTER OF FT (TSF) remain unexplored.CRISPR‐Cas9 mutations in AaCO and AaFT/TWIN SISTER OF FT‐LIKE (TSFL) were recovered. Aaco and Aaft/tsfl mutants in pep1 background were scored for flowering time, inflorescence branching, and floral phenotypes under long (LD) or short days (SD) and after vernalization. RNA‐seq data on primary and axillary branches were compared.AaCO activates AaFT/TSFL transcription in leaves, and Aaco and Aaft tsfl mutations delay flowering under LDs. Axillary branches flowered in Aaco mutants but not in Aaft tsfl mutants. Both lacked inflorescence branches and flowers on the primary shoot under LDs. However, Aaft tsfl mutants produced some flowers after vernalization, and Aaco a few in SDs. RNA‐seq identified genes responsive to AaFT, TSFL, and AaCO on the primary shoot and in axillary branches.Therefore, AaCO‐AaFT promote flowering of A. alpina under LDs, but with distinct roles in axillary branch flowering. Both genes are required for inflorescence branching and flower formation on the primary shoot. The complex role of the CO‐FT module in inflorescence architecture may underlie the polycarpic, perennial life history of A. alpina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of New Phytologist is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1111/nph.70994
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Genes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Inflorescences
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Angiosperm genetics
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      – SubjectFull: RNA sequencing
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      – SubjectFull: Flowering time
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      – SubjectFull: Genetic mutation
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      – TitleFull: In perennial Arabis alpina, CONSTANS and FLOWERING LOCUS T have common and distinct effects on flowering and inflorescence architecture.
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              Text: Apr2026
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              Y: 2026
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