Baumgarte–Shapiro–Shibata–Nakamura formalism in cylindrical coordinates: Brill and Teukolsky waves in both linear and nonlinear regimes.

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Title: Baumgarte–Shapiro–Shibata–Nakamura formalism in cylindrical coordinates: Brill and Teukolsky waves in both linear and nonlinear regimes.
Authors: Alcoforado, M. A.1 (AUTHOR) mariana.alcoforado@uerj.br, Aranha, R. F.1 (AUTHOR) rafael.aranha@uerj.br, de Oliveira, H. P.1 (AUTHOR) henrique.oliveira@uerj.br
Source: European Physical Journal C -- Particles & Fields. Feb2026, Vol. 86 Issue 2, p1-15. 15p.
Subjects: Gravitational waves, Nonlinear waves, Collocation methods, Simulation software
Abstract: In this article we present a numerical code, based on the collocation or pseudospectal method, which integrates the equations of the BSSN formalism in cylindrical coordinates. In order to validate the code, we carried out a series of tests, using three groups of initial data: (i) pure gauge evolution; (ii) Teukolsky quadrupole solution for low amplitudes and (iii) Brill and Teukolsky solutions with higher amplitudes, which account for a deviation from the linear regime when compared to the case of low amplitudes. In practically all cases, violations of the Hamiltonian and momentum constraints were analyzed. We also analyze the behavior of the lapse function, which can characterize the collapse of gravitational waves into black holes. Furthermore, all three groups of tests used different computational mesh resolutions and different gauge choices, thus providing a general scan of most of the numerical solutions adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of European Physical Journal C -- Particles & Fields is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Baumgarte–Shapiro–Shibata–Nakamura formalism in cylindrical coordinates: Brill and Teukolsky waves in both linear and nonlinear regimes.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22European+Physical+Journal+C+--+Particles+%26+Fields%22">European Physical Journal C -- Particles & Fields</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 86 Issue 2, p1-15. 15p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gravitational+waves%22">Gravitational waves</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nonlinear+waves%22">Nonlinear waves</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Collocation+methods%22">Collocation methods</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Simulation+software%22">Simulation software</searchLink>
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  Data: In this article we present a numerical code, based on the collocation or pseudospectal method, which integrates the equations of the BSSN formalism in cylindrical coordinates. In order to validate the code, we carried out a series of tests, using three groups of initial data: (i) pure gauge evolution; (ii) Teukolsky quadrupole solution for low amplitudes and (iii) Brill and Teukolsky solutions with higher amplitudes, which account for a deviation from the linear regime when compared to the case of low amplitudes. In practically all cases, violations of the Hamiltonian and momentum constraints were analyzed. We also analyze the behavior of the lapse function, which can characterize the collapse of gravitational waves into black holes. Furthermore, all three groups of tests used different computational mesh resolutions and different gauge choices, thus providing a general scan of most of the numerical solutions adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of European Physical Journal C -- Particles & Fields is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-15084-y
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Gravitational waves
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nonlinear waves
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Collocation methods
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      – SubjectFull: Simulation software
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      – TitleFull: Baumgarte–Shapiro–Shibata–Nakamura formalism in cylindrical coordinates: Brill and Teukolsky waves in both linear and nonlinear regimes.
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              Text: Feb2026
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              Y: 2026
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