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Comparative study of cationic and neutral phthalocyanines in visible-light-driven photooxidation of 1-naphthol: synthesis and kinetic analysis.

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Title: Comparative study of cationic and neutral phthalocyanines in visible-light-driven photooxidation of 1-naphthol: synthesis and kinetic analysis.
Authors: Gök, Yaşar1 (AUTHOR) yasar_gok@yahoo.com, Erdem, Recep1 (AUTHOR) recep.erdem1334@gmail.com, Demir, Hasan2 (AUTHOR) hasandemir@osmaniye.edu.tr, Gök, Halil Zeki1 (AUTHOR) zekigok@mehmetakif.edu.tr
Source: Research on Chemical Intermediates. Apr2026, Vol. 52 Issue 4, p2169-2193. 25p.
Subjects: Photocatalysts, Photooxidation, Chemical kinetics, Photocatalysis, MCM-41 (Mesoporous material), Phthalocyanines
Abstract: In this study, two heterogeneous photocatalysts, Pc-2@MCM-41 and Pc-4@MCM-41, were prepared by immobilizing a neutral zinc phthalocyanine (Pc-2) and its cationic analogue (Pc-4) onto mesoporous silica (MCM-41). The catalysts were characterized via FT-IR, solid-state UV–Vis, TGA, N2 sorption, XRD, SEM–EDS, and TEM techniques. Their photocatalytic performance was evaluated in the photo-oxygenation of 1-naphthol to 1,4-naphthoquinone under red LED irradiation (≈ 640 nm). Both catalysts exhibited high conversion (> 95%) and excellent selectivity (> 95%) under mild conditions. The Pc-4@MCM-41 material showed slightly higher activity, which we attribute to stronger electrostatic interactions with the MCM-41 surface. Kinetic analysis, based on pseudo-first-order and Langmuir–Hinshelwood models, supports a solid–liquid interfacial mechanism. The catalysts showed excellent reusability over multiple cycles without significant loss of activity or leaching. Compared with their homogeneous analogues, the heterogeneous systems offered enhanced practicality in terms of stability, recyclability, and solvent compatibility. Taken together, these findings indicate that Pc-2@MCM-41 and Pc-4@MCM-41 are promising and sustainable photocatalysts for selective aerobic oxidations under visible light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Research on Chemical Intermediates is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 192461294
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Comparative study of cationic and neutral phthalocyanines in visible-light-driven photooxidation of 1-naphthol: synthesis and kinetic analysis.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gök%2C+Yaşar%22">Gök, Yaşar</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> yasar_gok@yahoo.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Erdem%2C+Recep%22">Erdem, Recep</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> recep.erdem1334@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Demir%2C+Hasan%22">Demir, Hasan</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> hasandemir@osmaniye.edu.tr</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gök%2C+Halil+Zeki%22">Gök, Halil Zeki</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> zekigok@mehmetakif.edu.tr</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Research+on+Chemical+Intermediates%22">Research on Chemical Intermediates</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 52 Issue 4, p2169-2193. 25p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photocatalysts%22">Photocatalysts</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photooxidation%22">Photooxidation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemical+kinetics%22">Chemical kinetics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photocatalysis%22">Photocatalysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22MCM-41+%28Mesoporous+material%29%22">MCM-41 (Mesoporous material)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phthalocyanines%22">Phthalocyanines</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: In this study, two heterogeneous photocatalysts, Pc-2@MCM-41 and Pc-4@MCM-41, were prepared by immobilizing a neutral zinc phthalocyanine (Pc-2) and its cationic analogue (Pc-4) onto mesoporous silica (MCM-41). The catalysts were characterized via FT-IR, solid-state UV–Vis, TGA, N2 sorption, XRD, SEM–EDS, and TEM techniques. Their photocatalytic performance was evaluated in the photo-oxygenation of 1-naphthol to 1,4-naphthoquinone under red LED irradiation (≈ 640 nm). Both catalysts exhibited high conversion (> 95%) and excellent selectivity (> 95%) under mild conditions. The Pc-4@MCM-41 material showed slightly higher activity, which we attribute to stronger electrostatic interactions with the MCM-41 surface. Kinetic analysis, based on pseudo-first-order and Langmuir–Hinshelwood models, supports a solid–liquid interfacial mechanism. The catalysts showed excellent reusability over multiple cycles without significant loss of activity or leaching. Compared with their homogeneous analogues, the heterogeneous systems offered enhanced practicality in terms of stability, recyclability, and solvent compatibility. Taken together, these findings indicate that Pc-2@MCM-41 and Pc-4@MCM-41 are promising and sustainable photocatalysts for selective aerobic oxidations under visible light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Research on Chemical Intermediates is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s11164-025-05819-7
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Chemical kinetics
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      – SubjectFull: Photocatalysis
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      – SubjectFull: MCM-41 (Mesoporous material)
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      – SubjectFull: Phthalocyanines
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      – TitleFull: Comparative study of cationic and neutral phthalocyanines in visible-light-driven photooxidation of 1-naphthol: synthesis and kinetic analysis.
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              Text: Apr2026
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