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Indicadores de innovación sobre la producción de biohidrógeno por fermentación oscura mediante análisis de patentes.

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Title: Indicadores de innovación sobre la producción de biohidrógeno por fermentación oscura mediante análisis de patentes.
Alternate Title: Innovation indicators in biohydrogen production by dark fermenta-tion based on patent analysis.
Authors: Angel-Ospina, Astrid C.1 astrid-carolina.angel-ospina.1@ens.etsmtl.ca, Mina, Katherine2, Castaño, Sofia2, Machuca-Martínez, Fiderman2
Source: Ingeniería y Competitividad. ene-mar2026, Vol. 28 Issue 1, p1-34. 71p.
Subjects: Hydrogen production, Fermentation, Intellectual property, Sustainability, Technological innovations, Greenhouse gas mitigation
Abstract (English): Introduction: Given the urgency of transforming the global energy system to achieve carbon neutrality, microorganism-mediated hydrogen (H2) production has emerged as a key technology toward a low-carbon society. In particular, dark fermentation (DF) stands out due to its low energy requirements and its ability to utilize diverse organic substrates. Objectives: To present a critical review of the technological evolution of dark fermentation through the analysis of patents and scientific publications registered between 2002 and 2022. Methodology: A total of 106 patents and 469 scientific publications were analyzed, evaluating keywords, temporal trends, country leadership, technological classification, citation levels, and technological behavior using S-curves. Results: The most frequent keywords were "fermentation," "dark fermentation," and "H2 production," with a transition toward terms such as "metabolites," "food waste," and "biological fuel cells," suggesting a shift toward technological applications and bioelectrochemical production systems. Since 2006, a growing disparity between scientific publications and patents has been observed, reflecting a gap between research and innovation. The United States and China lead in expired patents, indicating early development but commercial slowdown. The C12P3/00 code and the "Biotechnology" domain concentrate most inventions. The low citation level of patents highlights accessibility challenges and the predominance of theoretical knowledge. S-curve analysis reveals technological stagnation associated with efficiency and scalability barriers. Conclusions: Although DF shows high potential as a sustainable route for H2 production, its industrial implementation and competitiveness require overcoming technical limitations and strengthening effective knowledge transfer toward mature technological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Abstract (Spanish): Introducción: Ante la urgencia de transformar el sistema energético global para alcanzar la neutralidad de carbono, la producción de hidrógeno (H2) mediada por microorganismos se consolida como una tecnología clave hacia una sociedad baja en carbono. En particular, la fermentación oscura (FO) destaca por su bajo requerimiento energético y su capacidad de utilizar diversos sustratos orgánicos. Objetivos: Presentar una revisión crítica de la evolución tecnológica de la fermentación oscura mediante el análisis de patentes y publicaciones científicas registradas entre 2002 y 2022. Metodología: Se analizaron 106 patentes y 469 publicaciones científicas, evaluando palabras clave, tendencias temporales, liderazgo por países, clasificación tecnológica, nivel de citación y comportamiento tecnológico mediante curvas en S. Resultados: Las palabras clave más frecuentes fueron "fermentación", "fermentación oscura" y "producción de H2", evidenciándose una transición hacia términos como "metabolitos", "residuos alimentarios" y "celdas de combustible biológicas", lo que sugiere un desplazamiento hacia aplicaciones tecnológicas y sistemas bio-electroquímicos. Desde 2006 se observa una creciente disparidad entre publicaciones y patentes, reflejando una brecha entre investigación e innovación. Estados Unidos y China lideran en patentes vencidas, indicando desarrollo temprano pero ralentización comercial. El código C12P3/00 y el dominio "Biotecnología" concentran la mayoría de las invenciones. El bajo nivel de citación de patentes evidencia desafíos de accesibilidad y predominancia del conocimiento teórico. Las curvas en S revelan estancamiento tecnológico asociado a barreras de eficiencia y escalabilidad. Conclusiones: Aunque la FO posee alto potencial como ruta sostenible para producir H2, su implementación industrial y competitividad requieren superar limitaciones técnicas y fortalecer la transferencia efectiva hacia aplicaciones tecnológicas maduras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Ingeniería y Competitividad is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Indicadores de innovación sobre la producción de biohidrógeno por fermentación oscura mediante análisis de patentes.
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  Data: Innovation indicators in biohydrogen production by dark fermenta-tion based on patent analysis.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Angel-Ospina%2C+Astrid+C%2E%22">Angel-Ospina, Astrid C.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> astrid-carolina.angel-ospina.1@ens.etsmtl.ca</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mina%2C+Katherine%22">Mina, Katherine</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Castaño%2C+Sofia%22">Castaño, Sofia</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Machuca-Martínez%2C+Fiderman%22">Machuca-Martínez, Fiderman</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Ingeniería+y+Competitividad%22">Ingeniería y Competitividad</searchLink>. ene-mar2026, Vol. 28 Issue 1, p1-34. 71p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydrogen+production%22">Hydrogen production</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fermentation%22">Fermentation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Intellectual+property%22">Intellectual property</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sustainability%22">Sustainability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Technological+innovations%22">Technological innovations</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Greenhouse+gas+mitigation%22">Greenhouse gas mitigation</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract (English)
  Group: Ab
  Data: Introduction: Given the urgency of transforming the global energy system to achieve carbon neutrality, microorganism-mediated hydrogen (H2) production has emerged as a key technology toward a low-carbon society. In particular, dark fermentation (DF) stands out due to its low energy requirements and its ability to utilize diverse organic substrates. Objectives: To present a critical review of the technological evolution of dark fermentation through the analysis of patents and scientific publications registered between 2002 and 2022. Methodology: A total of 106 patents and 469 scientific publications were analyzed, evaluating keywords, temporal trends, country leadership, technological classification, citation levels, and technological behavior using S-curves. Results: The most frequent keywords were "fermentation," "dark fermentation," and "H2 production," with a transition toward terms such as "metabolites," "food waste," and "biological fuel cells," suggesting a shift toward technological applications and bioelectrochemical production systems. Since 2006, a growing disparity between scientific publications and patents has been observed, reflecting a gap between research and innovation. The United States and China lead in expired patents, indicating early development but commercial slowdown. The C12P3/00 code and the "Biotechnology" domain concentrate most inventions. The low citation level of patents highlights accessibility challenges and the predominance of theoretical knowledge. S-curve analysis reveals technological stagnation associated with efficiency and scalability barriers. Conclusions: Although DF shows high potential as a sustainable route for H2 production, its industrial implementation and competitiveness require overcoming technical limitations and strengthening effective knowledge transfer toward mature technological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract (Spanish)
  Group: Ab
  Data: Introducción: Ante la urgencia de transformar el sistema energético global para alcanzar la neutralidad de carbono, la producción de hidrógeno (H2) mediada por microorganismos se consolida como una tecnología clave hacia una sociedad baja en carbono. En particular, la fermentación oscura (FO) destaca por su bajo requerimiento energético y su capacidad de utilizar diversos sustratos orgánicos. Objetivos: Presentar una revisión crítica de la evolución tecnológica de la fermentación oscura mediante el análisis de patentes y publicaciones científicas registradas entre 2002 y 2022. Metodología: Se analizaron 106 patentes y 469 publicaciones científicas, evaluando palabras clave, tendencias temporales, liderazgo por países, clasificación tecnológica, nivel de citación y comportamiento tecnológico mediante curvas en S. Resultados: Las palabras clave más frecuentes fueron "fermentación", "fermentación oscura" y "producción de H2", evidenciándose una transición hacia términos como "metabolitos", "residuos alimentarios" y "celdas de combustible biológicas", lo que sugiere un desplazamiento hacia aplicaciones tecnológicas y sistemas bio-electroquímicos. Desde 2006 se observa una creciente disparidad entre publicaciones y patentes, reflejando una brecha entre investigación e innovación. Estados Unidos y China lideran en patentes vencidas, indicando desarrollo temprano pero ralentización comercial. El código C12P3/00 y el dominio "Biotecnología" concentran la mayoría de las invenciones. El bajo nivel de citación de patentes evidencia desafíos de accesibilidad y predominancia del conocimiento teórico. Las curvas en S revelan estancamiento tecnológico asociado a barreras de eficiencia y escalabilidad. Conclusiones: Aunque la FO posee alto potencial como ruta sostenible para producir H2, su implementación industrial y competitividad requieren superar limitaciones técnicas y fortalecer la transferencia efectiva hacia aplicaciones tecnológicas maduras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Ingeniería y Competitividad is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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