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Hollow Graphitic Nanoshells as a Material for Ion Batteries.

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Title: Hollow Graphitic Nanoshells as a Material for Ion Batteries.
Authors: Hasan, Maria1,2 (AUTHOR), Bachmatiuk, Alicja1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Simha Martynková, Gražyna2,3 (AUTHOR), Čech Barabaszová, Karla2,4 (AUTHOR), Rümmeli, Mark H.1,4,5 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Mar2026, Vol. 19 Issue 6, p1187. 31p.
Subjects: Structural optimization, Graphitization, Porosity, Scientific method, Nanostructured materials, Sodium ion batteries, Electrochemical experiments
Abstract: Hollow graphitic nanoshells (HGSs) are widely investigated as battery materials because their conductive shells and internal voids can simultaneously influence ion transport, electron percolation, and mechanical stress accommodation. Yet, the field remains largely morphology-driven, with performance often attributed generically to "hollowness" rather than to structural parameters. This review examines HGSs from a parameter-oriented perspective. It highlights key structural features, including graphitization degree, shell thickness, cavity size, pore architecture, and defect or dopant chemistry. These features collectively shape electrochemical behavior. We discuss how these features influence transport kinetics, interphase stability, volumetric efficiency, and mechanical resilience across insertion, metal anode, multivalent, solid-state, and halogen chemistries. Major synthesis approaches, including hard-templated, soft-templated, self-templated, and biomass-derived routes, are evaluated based on the structural control they provide and the influence of synthesis conditions on shell architecture, graphitic ordering, and pore structure. Special attention is given to how these structural features develop during processing and how they affect ion accessibility, conductivity, and stability. Finally, we outline a shift toward quantitative, parameter-driven engineering supported by operando diagnostics, electrode-level modeling, and standardized reporting. HGSs will only achieve practical relevance when structural optimization extends beyond particle morphology to transport uniformity, interfacial stability, network connectivity, and life-cycle responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 192591620
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PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Hollow Graphitic Nanoshells as a Material for Ion Batteries.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hasan%2C+Maria%22">Hasan, Maria</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bachmatiuk%2C+Alicja%22">Bachmatiuk, Alicja</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Simha+Martynková%2C+Gražyna%22">Simha Martynková, Gražyna</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Čech+Barabaszová%2C+Karla%22">Čech Barabaszová, Karla</searchLink><relatesTo>2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rümmeli%2C+Mark+H%2E%22">Rümmeli, Mark H.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,4,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Mar2026, Vol. 19 Issue 6, p1187. 31p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Structural+optimization%22">Structural optimization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphitization%22">Graphitization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Porosity%22">Porosity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scientific+method%22">Scientific method</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nanostructured+materials%22">Nanostructured materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sodium+ion+batteries%22">Sodium ion batteries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electrochemical+experiments%22">Electrochemical experiments</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Hollow graphitic nanoshells (HGSs) are widely investigated as battery materials because their conductive shells and internal voids can simultaneously influence ion transport, electron percolation, and mechanical stress accommodation. Yet, the field remains largely morphology-driven, with performance often attributed generically to "hollowness" rather than to structural parameters. This review examines HGSs from a parameter-oriented perspective. It highlights key structural features, including graphitization degree, shell thickness, cavity size, pore architecture, and defect or dopant chemistry. These features collectively shape electrochemical behavior. We discuss how these features influence transport kinetics, interphase stability, volumetric efficiency, and mechanical resilience across insertion, metal anode, multivalent, solid-state, and halogen chemistries. Major synthesis approaches, including hard-templated, soft-templated, self-templated, and biomass-derived routes, are evaluated based on the structural control they provide and the influence of synthesis conditions on shell architecture, graphitic ordering, and pore structure. Special attention is given to how these structural features develop during processing and how they affect ion accessibility, conductivity, and stability. Finally, we outline a shift toward quantitative, parameter-driven engineering supported by operando diagnostics, electrode-level modeling, and standardized reporting. HGSs will only achieve practical relevance when structural optimization extends beyond particle morphology to transport uniformity, interfacial stability, network connectivity, and life-cycle responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/ma19061187
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 31
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Graphitization
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      – SubjectFull: Porosity
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      – SubjectFull: Scientific method
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      – SubjectFull: Nanostructured materials
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      – SubjectFull: Sodium ion batteries
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      – SubjectFull: Electrochemical experiments
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      – TitleFull: Hollow Graphitic Nanoshells as a Material for Ion Batteries.
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            NameFull: Hasan, Maria
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            NameFull: Čech Barabaszová, Karla
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              Text: Mar2026
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              Y: 2026
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