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Evaluation of Solid and Hollow Sand Brick Properties with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates by Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag.

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Title: Evaluation of Solid and Hollow Sand Brick Properties with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates by Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag.
Authors: Hosen, Kamal1 (AUTHOR), Bărbulescu, Alina2 (AUTHOR) alina.barbulescu@unitbv.ro
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Mar2026, Vol. 19 Issue 6, p1250. 22p.
Subjects: Bricks, Slag, Compressive strength, Efflorescence, Permeability, Thermal conductivity, Brick building
Abstract: Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), an industrial by-product of steel manufacturing, can be utilized as a partial replacement for natural fine aggregate in clay brick production. Although widely used in cementitious systems, its incorporation into sand bricks and its effects on key performance parameters remain insufficiently investigated. To fill in the gap, sand bricks containing 0–35% GGBFS (at 5% intervals) were tested for compressive strength, water absorption, thermal conductivity, and efflorescence. Optimal performance was achieved at 25% replacement. Compressive strength increased from 17.5 MPa (control) to 24 MPa (28.5% improvement). Water absorption decreased from 11.67% to 8.20% (29.7% reduction), and thermal conductivity decreased from 1.08 to 0.85 W/m·°C. No efflorescence was observed at 25% GGBFS, whereas higher replacement levels (30% and 35%) exhibited increased efflorescence. The results confirm that 25% GGBFS replacement enhances mechanical and durability-related properties of clay bricks, demonstrating its technical feasibility as an alternative fine aggregate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 192591683
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PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Evaluation of Solid and Hollow Sand Brick Properties with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates by Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hosen%2C+Kamal%22">Hosen, Kamal</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bărbulescu%2C+Alina%22">Bărbulescu, Alina</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> alina.barbulescu@unitbv.ro</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Mar2026, Vol. 19 Issue 6, p1250. 22p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bricks%22">Bricks</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Slag%22">Slag</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Compressive+strength%22">Compressive strength</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Efflorescence%22">Efflorescence</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Permeability%22">Permeability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermal+conductivity%22">Thermal conductivity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Brick+building%22">Brick building</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), an industrial by-product of steel manufacturing, can be utilized as a partial replacement for natural fine aggregate in clay brick production. Although widely used in cementitious systems, its incorporation into sand bricks and its effects on key performance parameters remain insufficiently investigated. To fill in the gap, sand bricks containing 0–35% GGBFS (at 5% intervals) were tested for compressive strength, water absorption, thermal conductivity, and efflorescence. Optimal performance was achieved at 25% replacement. Compressive strength increased from 17.5 MPa (control) to 24 MPa (28.5% improvement). Water absorption decreased from 11.67% to 8.20% (29.7% reduction), and thermal conductivity decreased from 1.08 to 0.85 W/m·°C. No efflorescence was observed at 25% GGBFS, whereas higher replacement levels (30% and 35%) exhibited increased efflorescence. The results confirm that 25% GGBFS replacement enhances mechanical and durability-related properties of clay bricks, demonstrating its technical feasibility as an alternative fine aggregate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/ma19061250
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 22
        StartPage: 1250
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Bricks
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Slag
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Compressive strength
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Efflorescence
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Permeability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermal conductivity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Brick building
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Evaluation of Solid and Hollow Sand Brick Properties with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates by Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag.
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            NameFull: Hosen, Kamal
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          Name:
            NameFull: Bărbulescu, Alina
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          Dates:
            – D: 15
              M: 03
              Text: Mar2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
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              Value: 19961944
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              Value: 19
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              Value: 6
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            – TitleFull: Materials (1996-1944)
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