Dependence of Wenzel–Cassie Transition on Droplet Size: The Critical Water Droplet.

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Title: Dependence of Wenzel–Cassie Transition on Droplet Size: The Critical Water Droplet.
Authors: You, Mengdan1 (AUTHOR), Wang, Yanfei1 (AUTHOR), Liu, Yuzhen1 (AUTHOR), Sun, Qiang1 (AUTHOR) qiangsun@pku.edu.cn
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Mar2026, Vol. 19 Issue 6, p1262. 16p.
Subjects: Surface roughness, Wetting, Superhydrophobic surfaces, Molecular dynamics
Abstract: In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are applied to investigate the dependence of the Wenzel–Cassie transition on water droplet size. During the Wenzel–Cassie transition, the critical water droplet and corresponding critical roughness may be expected, which are respectively described as the critical radius (RDroplet,c) and wetting parameter (WRoughness,c). From the work, RDroplet,c may be termed as the smallest droplet size at which the Cassie state is expected for the corresponding WRoughness,c. In combination with the structural study of water, it is due to the structural competition between interfacial and bulk water. Additionally, RDroplet,c may be dependent on the WRoughness,c. It is found that the RDroplet,c is influenced by the distribution and geometric characteristics of surface roughness. A denser distribution of roughness is expected to result in a lower RDroplet,c. Consequently, superhydrophobicity may be influenced by the characteristics of surface roughness and the size of the water droplet. The Cassie state is achieved when the wetting parameter of roughness is less than the WRoughness,c and the water droplet is larger than the RDroplet,c. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Dependence of Wenzel–Cassie Transition on Droplet Size: The Critical Water Droplet.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22You%2C+Mengdan%22">You, Mengdan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Yanfei%22">Wang, Yanfei</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Yuzhen%22">Liu, Yuzhen</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sun%2C+Qiang%22">Sun, Qiang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> qiangsun@pku.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Mar2026, Vol. 19 Issue 6, p1262. 16p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Surface+roughness%22">Surface roughness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wetting%22">Wetting</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Superhydrophobic+surfaces%22">Superhydrophobic surfaces</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Molecular+dynamics%22">Molecular dynamics</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are applied to investigate the dependence of the Wenzel–Cassie transition on water droplet size. During the Wenzel–Cassie transition, the critical water droplet and corresponding critical roughness may be expected, which are respectively described as the critical radius (RDroplet,c) and wetting parameter (WRoughness,c). From the work, RDroplet,c may be termed as the smallest droplet size at which the Cassie state is expected for the corresponding WRoughness,c. In combination with the structural study of water, it is due to the structural competition between interfacial and bulk water. Additionally, RDroplet,c may be dependent on the WRoughness,c. It is found that the RDroplet,c is influenced by the distribution and geometric characteristics of surface roughness. A denser distribution of roughness is expected to result in a lower RDroplet,c. Consequently, superhydrophobicity may be influenced by the characteristics of surface roughness and the size of the water droplet. The Cassie state is achieved when the wetting parameter of roughness is less than the WRoughness,c and the water droplet is larger than the RDroplet,c. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/ma19061262
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 1262
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Surface roughness
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wetting
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Superhydrophobic surfaces
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Molecular dynamics
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Dependence of Wenzel–Cassie Transition on Droplet Size: The Critical Water Droplet.
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            – D: 15
              M: 03
              Text: Mar2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19
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            – TitleFull: Materials (1996-1944)
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