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Traceable Time-Domain Photovoltaic Module Modeling with Plane-of-Array Irradiance and Solar Geometry Coupling: White-Box Simulink Implementation and Experimental Validation.

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Title: Traceable Time-Domain Photovoltaic Module Modeling with Plane-of-Array Irradiance and Solar Geometry Coupling: White-Box Simulink Implementation and Experimental Validation.
Authors: Popa, Ciprian1 (AUTHOR), Deliu, Florențiu1,2 (AUTHOR) florentiu.deliu@anmb.ro, Popa, Adrian1 (AUTHOR), Volintiru, Narcis Octavian1,2 (AUTHOR), Deliu, Andrei Darius2 (AUTHOR), Ciocioi, Iancu1 (AUTHOR), Popov, Petrică1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Energies (19961073). Mar2026, Vol. 19 Issue 6, p1437. 40p.
Subjects: Simulink (Computer software), Model validation, Dynamic simulation, Temperature effect, Photovoltaic power systems, Global radiation
Abstract: Accurate time-domain photovoltaic (PV) models are needed to evaluate performance under outdoor variability beyond STC datasheet conditions. This paper presents a traceable modeling workflow based on the standard single-diode formulation, implemented in MATLAB/Simulink (R2023a) as a modular white-box architecture that explicitly resolves photocurrent generation and loss mechanisms (diode recombination, shunt leakage, and series resistance effects) with temperature-consistent propagation through V T (T) and saturation-current terms. The method couples optical boundary conditions to the electrical model by embedding plane-of-array (POA) excitation via the incidence angle θ (t) and roof albedo directly into the photocurrent source term, preserving the causal chain from mounting geometry to electrical response. Calibration is separated from prediction by initializing key parameters using the standard Simulink PV block and then freezing them for time-domain evaluation. The workflow is validated on a 395 W rooftop prototype using 1 min resolved POA irradiance (ISO 9060:2018 Class A radiometric chain) and module temperature (IEC 60751 Class A Pt100), synchronized with electrical measurements. Over a multi-week campaign, the model exhibits high fidelity, with a worst-case relative current error of ~1.1% and a consistently low bias and dispersion, quantified by ME, MAE, RMSE, σ e , and thresholded MAPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Energies (19961073) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Traceable Time-Domain Photovoltaic Module Modeling with Plane-of-Array Irradiance and Solar Geometry Coupling: White-Box Simulink Implementation and Experimental Validation.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Energies+%2819961073%29%22">Energies (19961073)</searchLink>. Mar2026, Vol. 19 Issue 6, p1437. 40p.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Accurate time-domain photovoltaic (PV) models are needed to evaluate performance under outdoor variability beyond STC datasheet conditions. This paper presents a traceable modeling workflow based on the standard single-diode formulation, implemented in MATLAB/Simulink (R2023a) as a modular white-box architecture that explicitly resolves photocurrent generation and loss mechanisms (diode recombination, shunt leakage, and series resistance effects) with temperature-consistent propagation through V T (T) and saturation-current terms. The method couples optical boundary conditions to the electrical model by embedding plane-of-array (POA) excitation via the incidence angle θ (t) and roof albedo directly into the photocurrent source term, preserving the causal chain from mounting geometry to electrical response. Calibration is separated from prediction by initializing key parameters using the standard Simulink PV block and then freezing them for time-domain evaluation. The workflow is validated on a 395 W rooftop prototype using 1 min resolved POA irradiance (ISO 9060:2018 Class A radiometric chain) and module temperature (IEC 60751 Class A Pt100), synchronized with electrical measurements. Over a multi-week campaign, the model exhibits high fidelity, with a worst-case relative current error of ~1.1% and a consistently low bias and dispersion, quantified by ME, MAE, RMSE, σ e , and thresholded MAPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Energies (19961073) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Model validation
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      – SubjectFull: Temperature effect
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      – SubjectFull: Global radiation
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    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Traceable Time-Domain Photovoltaic Module Modeling with Plane-of-Array Irradiance and Solar Geometry Coupling: White-Box Simulink Implementation and Experimental Validation.
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              M: 03
              Text: Mar2026
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              Y: 2026
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