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Human and Porcine Lumbar Endplate Injury Risk in Repeated Flexion-Compression.

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Title: Human and Porcine Lumbar Endplate Injury Risk in Repeated Flexion-Compression.
Authors: Morino, Concetta F.1,2 (AUTHOR) concettamorino@gmail.com, Schmidt, Allison L.1 (AUTHOR), Dimbath, Elizabeth1 (AUTHOR), Middleton, Shea T.1 (AUTHOR), Shridharani, Jay K.1 (AUTHOR), Kait, Jason R.1 (AUTHOR), Ortiz-Paparoni, Maria A.1 (AUTHOR), Klinger, Josh1 (AUTHOR), Op 't Eynde, Joost1 (AUTHOR), Bass, Cameron R.1,2,3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Annals of Biomedical Engineering. Apr2026, Vol. 54 Issue 4, p1009-1022. 14p.
Subjects: Injury risk factors, Spinal injuries, Lumbar pain, Bending stresses, Biomechanics, Vertebrae
Abstract: Low back pain (LBP) affects 50–80% of adults at some point in their lifetime, yet the etiology of injury is not well understood. Those exposed to repeated flexion-compression are at a higher risk for LBP, such as helicopter pilots and motor vehicle operators. Animal injury models offer insight into in vivo injury mechanisms, but interspecies scaling is needed to relate animal results to human. Human (n = 16) and porcine (n = 20) lumbar functional spinal units (FSUs) were loaded in repeated flexion-compression (1 Hz) to determine endplate fracture risk over long loading exposures. Flexion oscillated from 0 to 6° and peak applied compressive stress ranged from 0.65 to 2.38 MPa for human and 0.64 to 4.68 MPa for porcine specimens. Five human and twelve porcine injuries were observed. The confidence intervals for human and porcine 50% injury risk curves in terms of stress and cycles overlapped, indicating similar failure behavior for this loading configuration. However, porcine specimens were more tolerant to the applied loading compared to human, demonstrated by a longer time-to-failure for the same applied stress. Optimization revealed that time-to-failure in human specimens was approximately 25% that of porcine specimens at a given applied stress within 0.65–2.38 MPa. This study determined human and porcine lumbar endplate fracture risks in long-duration repeated flexion-compression that can be directly used for future equipment and vehicle design, injury prediction models, and safety standards. The interspecies scale factor produced in this study can be used for previous and future porcine lumbar injury studies to scale results to relevant human injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Annals of Biomedical Engineering is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Human and Porcine Lumbar Endplate Injury Risk in Repeated Flexion-Compression.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Annals+of+Biomedical+Engineering%22">Annals of Biomedical Engineering</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 54 Issue 4, p1009-1022. 14p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Injury+risk+factors%22">Injury risk factors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Spinal+injuries%22">Spinal injuries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lumbar+pain%22">Lumbar pain</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bending+stresses%22">Bending stresses</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biomechanics%22">Biomechanics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vertebrae%22">Vertebrae</searchLink>
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  Data: Low back pain (LBP) affects 50–80% of adults at some point in their lifetime, yet the etiology of injury is not well understood. Those exposed to repeated flexion-compression are at a higher risk for LBP, such as helicopter pilots and motor vehicle operators. Animal injury models offer insight into in vivo injury mechanisms, but interspecies scaling is needed to relate animal results to human. Human (n = 16) and porcine (n = 20) lumbar functional spinal units (FSUs) were loaded in repeated flexion-compression (1 Hz) to determine endplate fracture risk over long loading exposures. Flexion oscillated from 0 to 6° and peak applied compressive stress ranged from 0.65 to 2.38 MPa for human and 0.64 to 4.68 MPa for porcine specimens. Five human and twelve porcine injuries were observed. The confidence intervals for human and porcine 50% injury risk curves in terms of stress and cycles overlapped, indicating similar failure behavior for this loading configuration. However, porcine specimens were more tolerant to the applied loading compared to human, demonstrated by a longer time-to-failure for the same applied stress. Optimization revealed that time-to-failure in human specimens was approximately 25% that of porcine specimens at a given applied stress within 0.65–2.38 MPa. This study determined human and porcine lumbar endplate fracture risks in long-duration repeated flexion-compression that can be directly used for future equipment and vehicle design, injury prediction models, and safety standards. The interspecies scale factor produced in this study can be used for previous and future porcine lumbar injury studies to scale results to relevant human injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Annals of Biomedical Engineering is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s10439-024-03508-x
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      – SubjectFull: Injury risk factors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Spinal injuries
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      – SubjectFull: Lumbar pain
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