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Primary Creep Characterization in Porcine Lumbar Spine Subject to Repeated Loading.

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Title: Primary Creep Characterization in Porcine Lumbar Spine Subject to Repeated Loading.
Authors: Morino, Concetta1,2,3 (AUTHOR) concettamorino@gmail.com, Middleton, Shea1 (AUTHOR), Op't Eynde, Joost1 (AUTHOR), Dimbath, Elizabeth1 (AUTHOR), Kait, Jason1 (AUTHOR), Luck, Jason1 (AUTHOR), Bass, Cameron1,2,4 (AUTHOR)
Source: Annals of Biomedical Engineering. Apr2026, Vol. 54 Issue 4, p1038-1051. 14p.
Subjects: Creep (Materials), Compression loads, Human mechanics, Lumbar pain, Lumbar vertebrae, Cyclic loads, Viscoelasticity, Injury risk factors
Abstract: Low back pain (LBP) is a common medical condition worldwide, though the etiology of injuries causing most LBP is unknown. Flexion and repeated compression increase lumbar injury risk, yet the complex viscoelastic behavior of the lumbar spine has not been characterized under this loading scheme. Characterizing the non-injurious primary creep behavior in the lumbar spine is necessary for understanding the biomechanical response preceding injury. Fifteen porcine lumbar spinal units were loaded in repeated flexion-compression with peak compressive stresses ranging from 1.41 to 4.68 MPa. Applied loading simulated real loading exposures experienced by high-speed watercraft occupants. The strain response in the primary creep region was modeled for all tests using a generalized Kelvin–Voigt model. A quasilinear viscoelastic (QLV) approach was used to separate time-dependent (creep) and stress-dependent (elastic) responses. Optimizations between the models and experimental data determined creep time constants, creep coefficients, and elastic constants associated with this tissue under repeated flexion-compression loading. Average R2 for all fifteen models was 0.997. Creep time constants optimized across all fifteen models were 24 s and 580 s and contributed to 20 ± 3% and 30 ± 3% of the overall strain response, respectively. The non-transient behavior contributed to 50 ± 0% of the overall response. Elastic behavior for this porcine population had an average standard deviation of 24.5% strain across the applied stress range. The presented primary creep characterization provides the response precursor to injurious behavior in the lumbar spine. Results from this study can further inform lumbar injury prediction and kinematic models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Annals of Biomedical Engineering is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Primary Creep Characterization in Porcine Lumbar Spine Subject to Repeated Loading.
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  Data: Low back pain (LBP) is a common medical condition worldwide, though the etiology of injuries causing most LBP is unknown. Flexion and repeated compression increase lumbar injury risk, yet the complex viscoelastic behavior of the lumbar spine has not been characterized under this loading scheme. Characterizing the non-injurious primary creep behavior in the lumbar spine is necessary for understanding the biomechanical response preceding injury. Fifteen porcine lumbar spinal units were loaded in repeated flexion-compression with peak compressive stresses ranging from 1.41 to 4.68 MPa. Applied loading simulated real loading exposures experienced by high-speed watercraft occupants. The strain response in the primary creep region was modeled for all tests using a generalized Kelvin–Voigt model. A quasilinear viscoelastic (QLV) approach was used to separate time-dependent (creep) and stress-dependent (elastic) responses. Optimizations between the models and experimental data determined creep time constants, creep coefficients, and elastic constants associated with this tissue under repeated flexion-compression loading. Average R2 for all fifteen models was 0.997. Creep time constants optimized across all fifteen models were 24 s and 580 s and contributed to 20 ± 3% and 30 ± 3% of the overall strain response, respectively. The non-transient behavior contributed to 50 ± 0% of the overall response. Elastic behavior for this porcine population had an average standard deviation of 24.5% strain across the applied stress range. The presented primary creep characterization provides the response precursor to injurious behavior in the lumbar spine. Results from this study can further inform lumbar injury prediction and kinematic models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Annals of Biomedical Engineering is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s10439-024-03557-2
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 14
        StartPage: 1038
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      – SubjectFull: Creep (Materials)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Compression loads
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Human mechanics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lumbar pain
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lumbar vertebrae
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cyclic loads
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Viscoelasticity
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      – SubjectFull: Injury risk factors
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      – TitleFull: Primary Creep Characterization in Porcine Lumbar Spine Subject to Repeated Loading.
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              M: 04
              Text: Apr2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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