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Polarization-Insensitive Electro-Optic Modulator for the Terahertz Regime Enabled by a Graphene-Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide.

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Title: Polarization-Insensitive Electro-Optic Modulator for the Terahertz Regime Enabled by a Graphene-Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide.
Authors: Zhou, Xia1 (AUTHOR), Liu, Caijing1,2 (AUTHOR), Li, Yingting1 (AUTHOR), Weng, Tingting1,2 (AUTHOR), Tan, Qilong2 (AUTHOR) tanqilong@gdisit.com, Huang, Xuguang1 (AUTHOR) huangxg@scnu.edu.cn, Pan, Jingshun1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Nanomaterials (2079-4991). Mar2026, Vol. 16 Issue 5, p288. 10p.
Subjects: Optical modulators, Graphene, CMOS integrated circuits, Submillimeter waves, Fermi energy, Polaritons, Integrated optics
Abstract: A polarization-insensitive compact optical modulator based on a graphene-hybrid surface plasmon polariton waveguide is proposed. The inverted U-shaped structure enables the synchronous control of TE/TM modes via Fermi level tuning, achieving a maximum attenuation of 0.247 dB/μm (Ef = 0.3 eV) and a minimum attenuation of 0.026–0.028 dB/μm (Ef = 1.0 eV) at 3 THz, with a polarization-dependent modulation error of only 0.002 dB/μm. The 100 μm × 30 μm device operates effectively at 2.5 THz (120 μm), demonstrating its potential for integrated photonic circuits. Additionally, the proposed modulator is compatible with Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The excellent ultra-broadband modulation performance of the graphene-hybrid plasmonic waveguide (GHPW) thereby paves the way for high-speed communication, non-destructive testing, biomedical sensing and optical computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Polarization-Insensitive Electro-Optic Modulator for the Terahertz Regime Enabled by a Graphene-Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Nanomaterials+%282079-4991%29%22">Nanomaterials (2079-4991)</searchLink>. Mar2026, Vol. 16 Issue 5, p288. 10p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optical+modulators%22">Optical modulators</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphene%22">Graphene</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22CMOS+integrated+circuits%22">CMOS integrated circuits</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Submillimeter+waves%22">Submillimeter waves</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fermi+energy%22">Fermi energy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polaritons%22">Polaritons</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Integrated+optics%22">Integrated optics</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: A polarization-insensitive compact optical modulator based on a graphene-hybrid surface plasmon polariton waveguide is proposed. The inverted U-shaped structure enables the synchronous control of TE/TM modes via Fermi level tuning, achieving a maximum attenuation of 0.247 dB/μm (Ef = 0.3 eV) and a minimum attenuation of 0.026–0.028 dB/μm (Ef = 1.0 eV) at 3 THz, with a polarization-dependent modulation error of only 0.002 dB/μm. The 100 μm × 30 μm device operates effectively at 2.5 THz (120 μm), demonstrating its potential for integrated photonic circuits. Additionally, the proposed modulator is compatible with Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The excellent ultra-broadband modulation performance of the graphene-hybrid plasmonic waveguide (GHPW) thereby paves the way for high-speed communication, non-destructive testing, biomedical sensing and optical computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/nano16050288
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        Text: English
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        Type: general
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      – SubjectFull: CMOS integrated circuits
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      – SubjectFull: Submillimeter waves
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      – SubjectFull: Fermi energy
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      – SubjectFull: Polaritons
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      – SubjectFull: Integrated optics
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      – TitleFull: Polarization-Insensitive Electro-Optic Modulator for the Terahertz Regime Enabled by a Graphene-Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide.
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            NameFull: Liu, Caijing
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              Text: Mar2026
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