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Numerical and dimensional analysis of slag emulsification due to bottom gas injection in ladles.

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Title: Numerical and dimensional analysis of slag emulsification due to bottom gas injection in ladles.
Authors: Ramirez-Argaez, Marco A.1 (AUTHOR), Gomez-Rodriguez, Ana L.1 (AUTHOR), Conejo, Alberto N.2 (AUTHOR) aconejonava@hotmail.com
Source: Metallurgical Research & Technology. 2026, Vol. 123 Issue 2, p1-14. 14p.
Subjects: Dimensional analysis, Liquid-liquid interfaces, Metal refining, Ladle metallurgy, Mass transfer, Computer simulation
Abstract: Bottom gas injection in ladle metallurgy is an important method to improve mixing, which in turn promotes more homogeneous chemical composition and heat distribution of the slag/metal system which can also result in higher refining rates and productivity. Emulsification of the top slag layer, if it is under control, it offers important improvement on mass transfer but can be easily run out of control and affect the steel quality due to entrapment of slag droplets. In this work, slag emulsification has been investigated through both physical and mathematical modelling. The results have been analyzed using dimensional analysis to provide a new equation which defines slag emulsification as a function of the velocity at the slag/metal interface, a parameter obtained by the numerical model. Furthermore, another dimensionless expression has also been developed to obtain the velocity at the slag/metal interface using experimental values on the slag eye area and inlet gas velocity. The equation proposed can easily be employed to define the effect of the physical properties of the slag and gas injection conditions on the extent of slag emulsification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Metallurgical Research & Technology is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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  Data: Numerical and dimensional analysis of slag emulsification due to bottom gas injection in ladles.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ramirez-Argaez%2C+Marco+A%2E%22">Ramirez-Argaez, Marco A.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gomez-Rodriguez%2C+Ana+L%2E%22">Gomez-Rodriguez, Ana L.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Conejo%2C+Alberto+N%2E%22">Conejo, Alberto N.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> aconejonava@hotmail.com</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Metallurgical+Research+%26+Technology%22">Metallurgical Research & Technology</searchLink>. 2026, Vol. 123 Issue 2, p1-14. 14p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dimensional+analysis%22">Dimensional analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Liquid-liquid+interfaces%22">Liquid-liquid interfaces</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Metal+refining%22">Metal refining</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ladle+metallurgy%22">Ladle metallurgy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mass+transfer%22">Mass transfer</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+simulation%22">Computer simulation</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Bottom gas injection in ladle metallurgy is an important method to improve mixing, which in turn promotes more homogeneous chemical composition and heat distribution of the slag/metal system which can also result in higher refining rates and productivity. Emulsification of the top slag layer, if it is under control, it offers important improvement on mass transfer but can be easily run out of control and affect the steel quality due to entrapment of slag droplets. In this work, slag emulsification has been investigated through both physical and mathematical modelling. The results have been analyzed using dimensional analysis to provide a new equation which defines slag emulsification as a function of the velocity at the slag/metal interface, a parameter obtained by the numerical model. Furthermore, another dimensionless expression has also been developed to obtain the velocity at the slag/metal interface using experimental values on the slag eye area and inlet gas velocity. The equation proposed can easily be employed to define the effect of the physical properties of the slag and gas injection conditions on the extent of slag emulsification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Metallurgical Research & Technology is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1051/metal/2025128
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 14
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Dimensional analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Liquid-liquid interfaces
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Metal refining
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ladle metallurgy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mass transfer
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computer simulation
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Numerical and dimensional analysis of slag emulsification due to bottom gas injection in ladles.
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            NameFull: Ramirez-Argaez, Marco A.
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            NameFull: Gomez-Rodriguez, Ana L.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Conejo, Alberto N.
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 03
              Text: 2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 123
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            – TitleFull: Metallurgical Research & Technology
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