Comparative Assessment of Conventional and Microwave Curing Synthesis Routes for Metakaolin-Based Porous Geopolymers: Characterization and Environmental Metrics.
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| Title: | Comparative Assessment of Conventional and Microwave Curing Synthesis Routes for Metakaolin-Based Porous Geopolymers: Characterization and Environmental Metrics. |
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| Authors: | Miranda-German, Karen R.1 (AUTHOR), Teran-Dagnino, Alejandro1,2 (AUTHOR), Corral-Higuera, Ramón1,3 (AUTHOR), Jacobo-Azuara, Araceli2,4 (AUTHOR), Dávila-Guzmán, Nancy E.3,5 (AUTHOR), Orozco-Carmona, Víctor M.1,4 (AUTHOR), Rosas Casarez, Carlos A.2,5 (AUTHOR), Pellegrini Cervantes, Manuel J.1,3 (AUTHOR), Arredondo-Rea, Susana P.1,4 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Materials (1996-1944). Mar2026, Vol. 19 Issue 5, p984. 18p. |
| Subjects: | Microwave heating, Curing, Physisorption, Environmental impact analysis, Polymers, Porosity, Sustainable chemistry, Kaolin |
| Abstract: | Geopolymers have gained relevance in environmental applications, and in recent years they have been studied as sustainable adsorbent materials. Increasing their porosity remains one of the main challenges. Various methodologies have been applied for the synthesis of porous geopolymers; however, energy efficiency and environmental considerations associated with the synthesis process must be considered. This study compares two synthesis routes for porous metakaolin-based geopolymers using hydrogen peroxide as a foaming agent and two curing methods: conventional oven curing and microwave-assisted curing. Structural, physical, and chemical properties were evaluated using XRD, FT-IR, SEM/EDS, TGA, and density–porosity analyses. Additionally, a quantitative environmental assessment based on the 12 principles of green chemistry was conducted using the DOZNTM software version 2.0. The results confirmed that the addition of H2O2 did not alter the geopolymeric structure, as evidenced by FT-IR and XRD, regardless of curing method. Porosity increased significantly with the foaming agent, reaching up to ~65% for conventionally cured samples and a maximum of 67% for microwave-cured geopolymers at 3 wt% H2O2, with a minimum bulk density of 0.79 g/cm3. High-power microwave-assisted curing reduced the synthesis time to 5 min (≈80% reduction) while promoting a more developed and interconnected macroporous structure, as observed by SEM and supported by enhanced water retention behavior in TGA analyses. The green chemistry assessment demonstrated that microwave curing presents a lower overall impact within the DOZNTM framework, primarily associated with improved energy efficiency (GCP-6), while acknowledging that this assessment does not constitute a full life cycle analysis. Overall, microwave-assisted synthesis emerges as a more sustainable and efficient route for producing highly porous, hydrophilic geopolymers with strong potential for the adsorption of aqueous pollutants in environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 192640256 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Comparative Assessment of Conventional and Microwave Curing Synthesis Routes for Metakaolin-Based Porous Geopolymers: Characterization and Environmental Metrics. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Miranda-German%2C+Karen+R%2E%22">Miranda-German, Karen R.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Teran-Dagnino%2C+Alejandro%22">Teran-Dagnino, Alejandro</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Corral-Higuera%2C+Ramón%22">Corral-Higuera, Ramón</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jacobo-Azuara%2C+Araceli%22">Jacobo-Azuara, Araceli</searchLink><relatesTo>2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dávila-Guzmán%2C+Nancy+E%2E%22">Dávila-Guzmán, Nancy E.</searchLink><relatesTo>3,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Orozco-Carmona%2C+Víctor+M%2E%22">Orozco-Carmona, Víctor M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rosas+Casarez%2C+Carlos+A%2E%22">Rosas Casarez, Carlos A.</searchLink><relatesTo>2,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pellegrini+Cervantes%2C+Manuel+J%2E%22">Pellegrini Cervantes, Manuel J.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Arredondo-Rea%2C+Susana+P%2E%22">Arredondo-Rea, Susana P.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22">Materials (1996-1944)</searchLink>. Mar2026, Vol. 19 Issue 5, p984. 18p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microwave+heating%22">Microwave heating</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Curing%22">Curing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physisorption%22">Physisorption</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Environmental+impact+analysis%22">Environmental impact analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polymers%22">Polymers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Porosity%22">Porosity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sustainable+chemistry%22">Sustainable chemistry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Kaolin%22">Kaolin</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Geopolymers have gained relevance in environmental applications, and in recent years they have been studied as sustainable adsorbent materials. Increasing their porosity remains one of the main challenges. Various methodologies have been applied for the synthesis of porous geopolymers; however, energy efficiency and environmental considerations associated with the synthesis process must be considered. This study compares two synthesis routes for porous metakaolin-based geopolymers using hydrogen peroxide as a foaming agent and two curing methods: conventional oven curing and microwave-assisted curing. Structural, physical, and chemical properties were evaluated using XRD, FT-IR, SEM/EDS, TGA, and density–porosity analyses. Additionally, a quantitative environmental assessment based on the 12 principles of green chemistry was conducted using the DOZNTM software version 2.0. The results confirmed that the addition of H2O2 did not alter the geopolymeric structure, as evidenced by FT-IR and XRD, regardless of curing method. Porosity increased significantly with the foaming agent, reaching up to ~65% for conventionally cured samples and a maximum of 67% for microwave-cured geopolymers at 3 wt% H2O2, with a minimum bulk density of 0.79 g/cm3. High-power microwave-assisted curing reduced the synthesis time to 5 min (≈80% reduction) while promoting a more developed and interconnected macroporous structure, as observed by SEM and supported by enhanced water retention behavior in TGA analyses. The green chemistry assessment demonstrated that microwave curing presents a lower overall impact within the DOZNTM framework, primarily associated with improved energy efficiency (GCP-6), while acknowledging that this assessment does not constitute a full life cycle analysis. Overall, microwave-assisted synthesis emerges as a more sustainable and efficient route for producing highly porous, hydrophilic geopolymers with strong potential for the adsorption of aqueous pollutants in environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.3390/ma19050984 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 18 StartPage: 984 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Microwave heating Type: general – SubjectFull: Curing Type: general – SubjectFull: Physisorption Type: general – SubjectFull: Environmental impact analysis Type: general – SubjectFull: Polymers Type: general – SubjectFull: Porosity Type: general – SubjectFull: Sustainable chemistry Type: general – SubjectFull: Kaolin Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Comparative Assessment of Conventional and Microwave Curing Synthesis Routes for Metakaolin-Based Porous Geopolymers: Characterization and Environmental Metrics. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Miranda-German, Karen R. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Teran-Dagnino, Alejandro – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Corral-Higuera, Ramón – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Jacobo-Azuara, Araceli – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Dávila-Guzmán, Nancy E. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Orozco-Carmona, Víctor M. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Rosas Casarez, Carlos A. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Pellegrini Cervantes, Manuel J. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Arredondo-Rea, Susana P. IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 03 Text: Mar2026 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 19961944 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 19 – Type: issue Value: 5 Titles: – TitleFull: Materials (1996-1944) Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
