Reinforcement of Novel PLA/17-4 PH Stainless Steel Hybrid Structures Fabricated by FDM: The Effects of Layer Configuration, Infill Density and Pattern.
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| Title: | Reinforcement of Novel PLA/17-4 PH Stainless Steel Hybrid Structures Fabricated by FDM: The Effects of Layer Configuration, Infill Density and Pattern. |
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| Authors: | Ötüken, Ramazan1 (AUTHOR), Alparslan, Cem2,3 (AUTHOR), Erhan, Muhammed Furkan3,4 (AUTHOR), Bayraktar, Şenol2,3,4 (AUTHOR) senol.bayraktar@erdogan.edu.tr |
| Source: | Polymers (20734360). Mar2026, Vol. 18 Issue 6, p672. 24p. |
| Subjects: | Layer structure (Solids), Polylactic acid, Stainless steel, Fused deposition modeling, Mechanical behavior of materials, Composite structures |
| Abstract: | Fused deposition modeling/fused filament fabrication (FDM/FFF) enables architectural tailoring of mechanical response through layer configuration and multi-material manufacturing strategies. However, the combined effects of layer arrangement, infill ratio, and packing geometry in polymer–metal hybrid structures and interfacial load transfer mechanisms are still not sufficiently elucidated. In this study, the tensile behavior of single- and multi-material structures produced using PLA and 17-4 PH stainless steel filaments was systematically investigated. A total of 24 experimental parameter sets were created with four-layer configurations (PLA, 17-4 PH, PLA/17-4 PH/PLA, and 17-4 PH/PLA/17-4 PH), three infill ratios (20%, 60%, and 100%), and two packing patterns (linear and hexagonal); the samples were tested according to the ASTM D638 standard. Mechanical data were modeled using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and ANOVA, and the developed regression models showed high accuracy (R2 > 0.95). The findings showed that tensile and yield strength are primarily controlled by the layer arrangement, while infill ratio and infill pattern have a secondary effect. The highest strength was measured in 100% infill linear PLA samples (≈10.35 MPa), and the lowest value was measured in 17-4 PH "green part" samples without sintering (≈0.92 MPa). Hybrid structures exhibited intermediate performance in the range of 2.9–4.9 MPa. ANOVA results showed that the majority of the mechanical variance was explained by the layer arrangement (70–85% contribution), while infill ratio and infill pattern had a secondary effect. Fracture surface analyses showed that high performance was associated with homogeneous filament fusion and low porosity; Studies have confirmed that poor performance is associated with delamination and interfacial separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 192641973 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Reinforcement of Novel PLA/17-4 PH Stainless Steel Hybrid Structures Fabricated by FDM: The Effects of Layer Configuration, Infill Density and Pattern. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ötüken%2C+Ramazan%22">Ötüken, Ramazan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Alparslan%2C+Cem%22">Alparslan, Cem</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Erhan%2C+Muhammed+Furkan%22">Erhan, Muhammed Furkan</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bayraktar%2C+Şenol%22">Bayraktar, Şenol</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> senol.bayraktar@erdogan.edu.tr</i> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Mar2026, Vol. 18 Issue 6, p672. 24p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Layer+structure+%28Solids%29%22">Layer structure (Solids)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polylactic+acid%22">Polylactic acid</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Stainless+steel%22">Stainless steel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fused+deposition+modeling%22">Fused deposition modeling</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Composite+structures%22">Composite structures</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Fused deposition modeling/fused filament fabrication (FDM/FFF) enables architectural tailoring of mechanical response through layer configuration and multi-material manufacturing strategies. However, the combined effects of layer arrangement, infill ratio, and packing geometry in polymer–metal hybrid structures and interfacial load transfer mechanisms are still not sufficiently elucidated. In this study, the tensile behavior of single- and multi-material structures produced using PLA and 17-4 PH stainless steel filaments was systematically investigated. A total of 24 experimental parameter sets were created with four-layer configurations (PLA, 17-4 PH, PLA/17-4 PH/PLA, and 17-4 PH/PLA/17-4 PH), three infill ratios (20%, 60%, and 100%), and two packing patterns (linear and hexagonal); the samples were tested according to the ASTM D638 standard. Mechanical data were modeled using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and ANOVA, and the developed regression models showed high accuracy (R2 > 0.95). The findings showed that tensile and yield strength are primarily controlled by the layer arrangement, while infill ratio and infill pattern have a secondary effect. The highest strength was measured in 100% infill linear PLA samples (≈10.35 MPa), and the lowest value was measured in 17-4 PH "green part" samples without sintering (≈0.92 MPa). Hybrid structures exhibited intermediate performance in the range of 2.9–4.9 MPa. ANOVA results showed that the majority of the mechanical variance was explained by the layer arrangement (70–85% contribution), while infill ratio and infill pattern had a secondary effect. Fracture surface analyses showed that high performance was associated with homogeneous filament fusion and low porosity; Studies have confirmed that poor performance is associated with delamination and interfacial separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.3390/polym18060672 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 24 StartPage: 672 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Layer structure (Solids) Type: general – SubjectFull: Polylactic acid Type: general – SubjectFull: Stainless steel Type: general – SubjectFull: Fused deposition modeling Type: general – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials Type: general – SubjectFull: Composite structures Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Reinforcement of Novel PLA/17-4 PH Stainless Steel Hybrid Structures Fabricated by FDM: The Effects of Layer Configuration, Infill Density and Pattern. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Ötüken, Ramazan – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Alparslan, Cem – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Erhan, Muhammed Furkan – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Bayraktar, Şenol IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 15 M: 03 Text: Mar2026 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 20734360 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 18 – Type: issue Value: 6 Titles: – TitleFull: Polymers (20734360) Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
