Carbon fibre-reinforced polypropylene vitrimers for fused filament fabrication: Enhancing interlayer adhesion through transesterification-based dynamic covalent chemistry.
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| Title: | Carbon fibre-reinforced polypropylene vitrimers for fused filament fabrication: Enhancing interlayer adhesion through transesterification-based dynamic covalent chemistry. |
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| Authors: | Kupnik, Kaja1, Dobnik, Jure1, Skrivarnik, Patricija1, Lorber, Rebeka1, Pulko, Irena1, Slapnik, Janez1 janez.slapnik@ftpo.eu |
| Source: | Express Polymer Letters. May2026, Vol. 20 Issue 5, p454-472. 19p. |
| Subjects: | Transesterification, Interfacial bonding, Polypropylene fibers, Mechanical behavior of materials, Heat treatment, Crosslinked polymers, Fused deposition modeling, Physical & theoretical chemistry |
| Abstract: | Fused filament fabrication (FFF) notoriously suffers from weak interlayer adhesion, leading to anisotropic mechanical properties in the fabricated parts. The present study addresses this challenge by developing thermoplastic-based vitrimers via reactive extrusion of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) with an epoxy crosslinker and a transesterification catalyst. The vitrimers were further compounded with carbon fibres (CF), processed into filaments, and used for FFF to fabricate specimens for testing interlayer adhesion. Spectroscopic and thermomechanical analyses revealed the formation of a crosslinked network, characterised by P-hydroxyester linkages and a pronounced rubbery plateau. Vitrimers exhibited enhanced mechanical properties, with notched Charpy impact strength increasing by up to 155%. As-printed vit-rimeric FFF specimens demonstrated enhanced flexural toughness, indicating that dynamic transesterification reactions during layer deposition promote more consistent interlayer bonding. Vitrimeric specimens exhibited slightly increased flexural strength and preserved toughness upon post-printing thermal annealing at 150 °C, while non-vitrimeric specimens exhibited systematic embrittlement. The results demonstrate that vitrimerisation of thermoplastic polymers is a viable and effective strategy for improving interlayer adhesion in FFF fabricated parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Express Polymer Letters is the property of Budapest University of Technology & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 192663099 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Carbon fibre-reinforced polypropylene vitrimers for fused filament fabrication: Enhancing interlayer adhesion through transesterification-based dynamic covalent chemistry. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kupnik%2C+Kaja%22">Kupnik, Kaja</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dobnik%2C+Jure%22">Dobnik, Jure</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Skrivarnik%2C+Patricija%22">Skrivarnik, Patricija</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lorber%2C+Rebeka%22">Lorber, Rebeka</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pulko%2C+Irena%22">Pulko, Irena</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Slapnik%2C+Janez%22">Slapnik, Janez</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> janez.slapnik@ftpo.eu</i> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Express+Polymer+Letters%22">Express Polymer Letters</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 20 Issue 5, p454-472. 19p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Transesterification%22">Transesterification</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interfacial+bonding%22">Interfacial bonding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polypropylene+fibers%22">Polypropylene fibers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heat+treatment%22">Heat treatment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Crosslinked+polymers%22">Crosslinked polymers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fused+deposition+modeling%22">Fused deposition modeling</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physical+%26+theoretical+chemistry%22">Physical & theoretical chemistry</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Fused filament fabrication (FFF) notoriously suffers from weak interlayer adhesion, leading to anisotropic mechanical properties in the fabricated parts. The present study addresses this challenge by developing thermoplastic-based vitrimers via reactive extrusion of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) with an epoxy crosslinker and a transesterification catalyst. The vitrimers were further compounded with carbon fibres (CF), processed into filaments, and used for FFF to fabricate specimens for testing interlayer adhesion. Spectroscopic and thermomechanical analyses revealed the formation of a crosslinked network, characterised by P-hydroxyester linkages and a pronounced rubbery plateau. Vitrimers exhibited enhanced mechanical properties, with notched Charpy impact strength increasing by up to 155%. As-printed vit-rimeric FFF specimens demonstrated enhanced flexural toughness, indicating that dynamic transesterification reactions during layer deposition promote more consistent interlayer bonding. Vitrimeric specimens exhibited slightly increased flexural strength and preserved toughness upon post-printing thermal annealing at 150 °C, while non-vitrimeric specimens exhibited systematic embrittlement. The results demonstrate that vitrimerisation of thermoplastic polymers is a viable and effective strategy for improving interlayer adhesion in FFF fabricated parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Express Polymer Letters is the property of Budapest University of Technology & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2026.35 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 19 StartPage: 454 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Transesterification Type: general – SubjectFull: Interfacial bonding Type: general – SubjectFull: Polypropylene fibers Type: general – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials Type: general – SubjectFull: Heat treatment Type: general – SubjectFull: Crosslinked polymers Type: general – SubjectFull: Fused deposition modeling Type: general – SubjectFull: Physical & theoretical chemistry Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Carbon fibre-reinforced polypropylene vitrimers for fused filament fabrication: Enhancing interlayer adhesion through transesterification-based dynamic covalent chemistry. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Kupnik, Kaja – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Dobnik, Jure – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Skrivarnik, Patricija – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Lorber, Rebeka – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Pulko, Irena – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Slapnik, Janez IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 05 Text: May2026 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 1788618X Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 20 – Type: issue Value: 5 Titles: – TitleFull: Express Polymer Letters Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
