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A blockchain-enabled Cyber-Physical System solution for decentralised smart factory.

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Title: A blockchain-enabled Cyber-Physical System solution for decentralised smart factory.
Authors: Guo, Wenyou1 (AUTHOR), Qu, Ting2,3,4 (AUTHOR) quting@jnu.edu.cn, Zhang, Zhongfei5 (AUTHOR), Wei, Yafeng1 (AUTHOR), Huang, George Q.6 (AUTHOR)
Source: International Journal of Production Research. Apr2026, Vol. 64 Issue 8, p2926-2945. 20p.
Subjects: Blockchains, Cyber physical systems, Key agreement protocols (Computer network protocols), Automation, Software architecture, Distributed algorithms, Industry 4.0
Abstract: The widespread adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies is fundamentally transforming manufacturing operations management. Emerging technologies facilitate resource coordination and data sharing among manufacturing assets, effectively mitigating traditional data silos. However, this transformation imposes heightened demands on system security and operational efficiency during production processes. To address these challenges, this study proposes a blockchain-centric Cyber-Physical System (CPS) architecture that integrates multiple key Industry 4.0 enabling technologies. This framework aims to establish a secure, trustworthy, and decentralised operational environment for the smart factory. Building on this architecture, we systematically design a comprehensive blockchain solution encompassing data processing workflows, smart contract, consensus mechanism, and multi-node coordination mechanism. Furthermore, to improve communication efficiency, response latency, and data trustworthiness among nodes during data processing, we formulate an integer programming model based on multi-dimensional cost evaluation. An auction-based distributed algorithm is then introduced to solve this model, thereby reinforcing the system's decentralised decision-making capabilities. Finally, simulation experiments validate the proposed methodology. The results demonstrate that the blockchain-enabled solution exhibits significant performance advantages over traditional centralised frameworks, particularly in large-scale industrial systems comprising numerous devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: A blockchain-enabled Cyber-Physical System solution for decentralised smart factory.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Production+Research%22">International Journal of Production Research</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 64 Issue 8, p2926-2945. 20p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Blockchains%22">Blockchains</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cyber+physical+systems%22">Cyber physical systems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Key+agreement+protocols+%28Computer+network+protocols%29%22">Key agreement protocols (Computer network protocols)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Automation%22">Automation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Software+architecture%22">Software architecture</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Distributed+algorithms%22">Distributed algorithms</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Industry+4%2E0%22">Industry 4.0</searchLink>
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  Data: The widespread adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies is fundamentally transforming manufacturing operations management. Emerging technologies facilitate resource coordination and data sharing among manufacturing assets, effectively mitigating traditional data silos. However, this transformation imposes heightened demands on system security and operational efficiency during production processes. To address these challenges, this study proposes a blockchain-centric Cyber-Physical System (CPS) architecture that integrates multiple key Industry 4.0 enabling technologies. This framework aims to establish a secure, trustworthy, and decentralised operational environment for the smart factory. Building on this architecture, we systematically design a comprehensive blockchain solution encompassing data processing workflows, smart contract, consensus mechanism, and multi-node coordination mechanism. Furthermore, to improve communication efficiency, response latency, and data trustworthiness among nodes during data processing, we formulate an integer programming model based on multi-dimensional cost evaluation. An auction-based distributed algorithm is then introduced to solve this model, thereby reinforcing the system's decentralised decision-making capabilities. Finally, simulation experiments validate the proposed methodology. The results demonstrate that the blockchain-enabled solution exhibits significant performance advantages over traditional centralised frameworks, particularly in large-scale industrial systems comprising numerous devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1080/00207543.2025.2584730
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      – SubjectFull: Distributed algorithms
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      – SubjectFull: Industry 4.0
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              Text: Apr2026
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