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Sustainable photocatalytic‐membrane reactors for petroleum refinery wastewater remediation as a hybrid system.

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Title: Sustainable photocatalytic‐membrane reactors for petroleum refinery wastewater remediation as a hybrid system.
Authors: Khader, Eman H1 (AUTHOR), Albayati, Talib M1 (AUTHOR) talib.m.naieff@uotechnology.edu.iq, Mohammed, Thamer J2 (AUTHOR), Al‐Behadili, Mustapha Abbas3 (AUTHOR), Saady, Noori M Cata4 (AUTHOR), Zendehboudi, Sohrab5 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology. May2026, Vol. 101 Issue 5, p1035-1055. 21p.
Subjects: Membrane reactors, Photocatalysts, Chemical oxygen demand, Wastewater treatment, Polymeric membranes, Oil removal (Sewage purification), Industrial wastes, Sustainability
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW) contains high concentrations of oil and organic pollutants, requiring efficient and sustainable treatment technologies. Hybrid photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) have attracted increased attention due to their ability to combine advanced oxidation with membrane separation. This study develops a PMR incorporating a green calcium oxide (CaO) photocatalyst synthesized from tomato plant waste and a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membrane for PRW treatment. RESULTS: The PAN membrane was fabricated using the phase inversion technique and integrated with the green CaO photocatalyst under light‐emitting diode (LED) irradiation at a transmembrane pressure of 1 bar. The effects of CaO dosage (0–0.1 g/ L−1), reaction time (15–180 min), and initial oil concentration (10–1000 ppm) on oil and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were systematically evaluated. The PMR achieved a stable permeate flux of 69.19 L m−2 h−1 during PRW treatment. Complete oil removal (100%) and COD removal of 99.89% were obtained at initial concentrations of 1000 ppm oil and 2829 ppm COD, respectively, while removal efficiencies of 97.00% (oil) and 94.00% (COD) were obtained at lower pollutant loadings. The PAN membrane exhibited excellent antifouling and self‐cleaning behavior, with a flux recovery ratio of 96.60% at 100 ppm oil concentration. CONCLUSION: The developed photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR) demonstrated high treatment efficiency and operational stability for petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW). The synergistic interaction between the green CaO photocatalyst and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membrane enhanced organic degradation and mitigated membrane fouling, producing effluents that comply with World Health Organization (WHO) discharge limits. The proposed system represents a promising, sustainable approach for advanced industrial wastewater treatment within chemical and biochemical engineering applications. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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  Data: Sustainable photocatalytic‐membrane reactors for petroleum refinery wastewater remediation as a hybrid system.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Khader%2C+Eman+H%22">Khader, Eman H</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Albayati%2C+Talib+M%22">Albayati, Talib M</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> talib.m.naieff@uotechnology.edu.iq</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mohammed%2C+Thamer+J%22">Mohammed, Thamer J</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Al‐Behadili%2C+Mustapha+Abbas%22">Al‐Behadili, Mustapha Abbas</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Saady%2C+Noori+M+Cata%22">Saady, Noori M Cata</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zendehboudi%2C+Sohrab%22">Zendehboudi, Sohrab</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Chemical+Technology+%26+Biotechnology%22">Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 101 Issue 5, p1035-1055. 21p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Membrane+reactors%22">Membrane reactors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photocatalysts%22">Photocatalysts</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemical+oxygen+demand%22">Chemical oxygen demand</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wastewater+treatment%22">Wastewater treatment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polymeric+membranes%22">Polymeric membranes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Oil+removal+%28Sewage+purification%29%22">Oil removal (Sewage purification)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Industrial+wastes%22">Industrial wastes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sustainability%22">Sustainability</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: BACKGROUND: Petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW) contains high concentrations of oil and organic pollutants, requiring efficient and sustainable treatment technologies. Hybrid photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) have attracted increased attention due to their ability to combine advanced oxidation with membrane separation. This study develops a PMR incorporating a green calcium oxide (CaO) photocatalyst synthesized from tomato plant waste and a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membrane for PRW treatment. RESULTS: The PAN membrane was fabricated using the phase inversion technique and integrated with the green CaO photocatalyst under light‐emitting diode (LED) irradiation at a transmembrane pressure of 1 bar. The effects of CaO dosage (0–0.1 g/ L−1), reaction time (15–180 min), and initial oil concentration (10–1000 ppm) on oil and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were systematically evaluated. The PMR achieved a stable permeate flux of 69.19 L m−2 h−1 during PRW treatment. Complete oil removal (100%) and COD removal of 99.89% were obtained at initial concentrations of 1000 ppm oil and 2829 ppm COD, respectively, while removal efficiencies of 97.00% (oil) and 94.00% (COD) were obtained at lower pollutant loadings. The PAN membrane exhibited excellent antifouling and self‐cleaning behavior, with a flux recovery ratio of 96.60% at 100 ppm oil concentration. CONCLUSION: The developed photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR) demonstrated high treatment efficiency and operational stability for petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW). The synergistic interaction between the green CaO photocatalyst and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membrane enhanced organic degradation and mitigated membrane fouling, producing effluents that comply with World Health Organization (WHO) discharge limits. The proposed system represents a promising, sustainable approach for advanced industrial wastewater treatment within chemical and biochemical engineering applications. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/jctb.70155
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 21
        StartPage: 1035
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Membrane reactors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Photocatalysts
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chemical oxygen demand
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wastewater treatment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polymeric membranes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Oil removal (Sewage purification)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Industrial wastes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sustainability
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Sustainable photocatalytic‐membrane reactors for petroleum refinery wastewater remediation as a hybrid system.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Khader, Eman H
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            NameFull: Albayati, Talib M
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            NameFull: Mohammed, Thamer J
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            NameFull: Al‐Behadili, Mustapha Abbas
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            NameFull: Saady, Noori M Cata
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            NameFull: Zendehboudi, Sohrab
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 02682575
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              Value: 101
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              Value: 5
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology
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