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Filler amount influences long-term mechanical stability of experimental dental composites.

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Title: Filler amount influences long-term mechanical stability of experimental dental composites.
Authors: Troha, Lara1 (AUTHOR), Šraj, Borut1 (AUTHOR), Par, Matej2 (AUTHOR), Simeon, Paris2 (AUTHOR), Haugen, Håvard J.3 (AUTHOR), Tarle, Zrinka2 (AUTHOR), Marciuš, Marijan4 (AUTHOR), Marovic, Danijela1,2 (AUTHOR) marovic@sfzg.unizg.hr
Source: Dental Materials. Jun2026, Vol. 42 Issue 6, p1020-1030. 11p.
Subjects: Flexural strength, Flexural modulus, Dental materials, Thermocycling, Microhardness, Mechanical behavior of materials, Composite materials
Abstract: This study evaluated the influence of real-time vs. accelerated aging protocols on the mechanical properties of experimental dental composites with varying filler contents, focusing on flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), and microhardness (MH). Five Bis-GMA/TEGDMA-based composites containing Ba-glass microfillers and silica nanofillers with total filler amounts (wt%) of 55, 60, 65, 70, and 75 were prepared. Rectangular specimens (n = 20, 16x2x2 mm) were subjected to three real-time aging durations: 24-hour, 4-month, and 12-month water storage, or two accelerated aging conditions: 4-month water storage followed by 10,000 thermal cycles, and 4-month water storage followed by 10,000 thermal cycles and 5-day ethanol immersion. FS and FM were determined using three-point bending, and MH by the Vickers test. Fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscope and the fractographic quantification was performed using R-based image analysis. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (α = 0.05). Filler content and aging significantly influenced all properties. FS was unaffected by filler content until thermal cycling caused its deterioration in highest filled composites, while FM and MH increased with filler content (p < 0.05). Ethanol exposure transiently increased FS but reduced FM and MH (p < 0.05). After 12 months, all groups showed moderate decrease in FM, FS, and MH, with higher filler content showing the highest values (p < 0.05). Real-time aging for 12 months resulted in lower FS, FM, and MH values than any of the accelerated aging protocols tested, except for FS of higher filled materials exposed to thermal cycling. • Mechanical properties depended on both filler loading and aging protocol. • 12-month real-time aging caused greater decline of mechanical properties than any accelerated aging protocol. • High-filled composites showed higher flexural modulus and microhardness for every aging regime. • Low filler content decreased modulus, strength, and microhardness in 12-month aging. • Filler content was irrelevant for flexural strength at 24 h and 4-month real-time aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Dental Materials is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Filler amount influences long-term mechanical stability of experimental dental composites.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Troha%2C+Lara%22&quot;&gt;Troha, Lara&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Šraj%2C+Borut%22&quot;&gt;Šraj, Borut&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Par%2C+Matej%22&quot;&gt;Par, Matej&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;2&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Simeon%2C+Paris%22&quot;&gt;Simeon, Paris&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;2&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Haugen%2C+H&#229;vard+J%2E%22&quot;&gt;Haugen, H&#229;vard J.&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;3&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Tarle%2C+Zrinka%22&quot;&gt;Tarle, Zrinka&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;2&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Marciuš%2C+Marijan%22&quot;&gt;Marciuš, Marijan&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;4&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Marovic%2C+Danijela%22&quot;&gt;Marovic, Danijela&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;relatesTo&gt;1,2&lt;/relatesTo&gt; (AUTHOR)&lt;i&gt; marovic@sfzg.unizg.hr&lt;/i&gt;
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Dental+Materials%22&quot;&gt;Dental Materials&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Jun2026, Vol. 42 Issue 6, p1020-1030. 11p.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: This study evaluated the influence of real-time vs. accelerated aging protocols on the mechanical properties of experimental dental composites with varying filler contents, focusing on flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), and microhardness (MH). Five Bis-GMA/TEGDMA-based composites containing Ba-glass microfillers and silica nanofillers with total filler amounts (wt%) of 55, 60, 65, 70, and 75 were prepared. Rectangular specimens (n = 20, 16x2x2 mm) were subjected to three real-time aging durations: 24-hour, 4-month, and 12-month water storage, or two accelerated aging conditions: 4-month water storage followed by 10,000 thermal cycles, and 4-month water storage followed by 10,000 thermal cycles and 5-day ethanol immersion. FS and FM were determined using three-point bending, and MH by the Vickers test. Fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscope and the fractographic quantification was performed using R-based image analysis. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey&#39;s post hoc test (α = 0.05). Filler content and aging significantly influenced all properties. FS was unaffected by filler content until thermal cycling caused its deterioration in highest filled composites, while FM and MH increased with filler content (p &lt; 0.05). Ethanol exposure transiently increased FS but reduced FM and MH (p &lt; 0.05). After 12 months, all groups showed moderate decrease in FM, FS, and MH, with higher filler content showing the highest values (p &lt; 0.05). Real-time aging for 12 months resulted in lower FS, FM, and MH values than any of the accelerated aging protocols tested, except for FS of higher filled materials exposed to thermal cycling. • Mechanical properties depended on both filler loading and aging protocol. • 12-month real-time aging caused greater decline of mechanical properties than any accelerated aging protocol. • High-filled composites showed higher flexural modulus and microhardness for every aging regime. • Low filler content decreased modulus, strength, and microhardness in 12-month aging. • Filler content was irrelevant for flexural strength at 24 h and 4-month real-time aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Dental Materials is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.dental.2026.02.012
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 11
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Flexural strength
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Flexural modulus
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dental materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermocycling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microhardness
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Composite materials
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      – TitleFull: Filler amount influences long-term mechanical stability of experimental dental composites.
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            NameFull: Troha, Lara
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            NameFull: Par, Matej
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            NameFull: Haugen, Håvard J.
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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