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Effects of Sand-Coated and Ribbed GFRP Bars in Hybrid GFRP-Steel-Reinforced Concrete Beams.

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Title: Effects of Sand-Coated and Ribbed GFRP Bars in Hybrid GFRP-Steel-Reinforced Concrete Beams.
Authors: Devaraj, Rajeev1 (AUTHOR) rajeev.devaraj@research.usc.edu.au, Olofinjana, Ayodele1 (AUTHOR), Gerber, Christophe1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Materials (1996-1944). Apr2026, Vol. 19 Issue 7, p1372. 16p.
Subjects: Glass-reinforced plastics, Interface dynamics, Concrete beams, Ductility, Surface preparation, Anchorage (Structural engineering), Structural design
Abstract: The integration of glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) and steel reinforcement in hybrid RC beams offers durability benefits, yet the specific influence of GFRP surface treatments on bond mechanics remains critical. This study experimentally investigates the performance of hybrid GFRP-steel-reinforced beams under three-point bending, comparing sand-coated and ribbed GFRP bars, while maintaining a constant total reinforcement ratio of 1.4% to isolate interface mechanics. Due to the exploratory nature of the study and the specific specimen matrix, the results are interpreted as observed experimental trends rather than statistically generalised performance metrics. The results indicate that ribbed GFRP bars provide enhance mechanical interlocking; in this specific experimental program, the ribbed GFRP hybrid beam exhibits an observed load capacity approximately 11% greater than the sand-coated specimen in this study and surpassing comparable steel-only beams. Additionally, ribbed configurations demonstrated an observed 15% higher toughness. In contrast, sand-coated hybrid beams exhibited signs of premature bond degradation, quantitatively captured by strain gauge monitoring; sand-coated bars plateaued at 14,000 µε, reaching only 79% of their theoretical rupture capacity. This strain limitation indicates failure by internal slippage rather than material rupture, further evidenced by a 50% reduction in crack propagation compared to ribbed beams. While energy-based ductility indices suggest a marginal 6% advantage for sand-coated bars, both hybrid systems exhibited relatively low energy-based ductility indices (μ < 2), reflecting the linear-elastic nature of GFRP reinforcement. These findings suggest that the mechanical interlock of ribbed surface treatments is more resilient under the combined stress states typical of hybrid configurations, providing a foundational baseline for the development of future numerical models and reliability-based design frameworks for hybrid GFRP-steel-RC systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Effects of Sand-Coated and Ribbed GFRP Bars in Hybrid GFRP-Steel-Reinforced Concrete Beams.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22Materials+%281996-1944%29%22&quot;&gt;Materials (1996-1944)&lt;/searchLink&gt;. Apr2026, Vol. 19 Issue 7, p1372. 16p.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The integration of glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) and steel reinforcement in hybrid RC beams offers durability benefits, yet the specific influence of GFRP surface treatments on bond mechanics remains critical. This study experimentally investigates the performance of hybrid GFRP-steel-reinforced beams under three-point bending, comparing sand-coated and ribbed GFRP bars, while maintaining a constant total reinforcement ratio of 1.4% to isolate interface mechanics. Due to the exploratory nature of the study and the specific specimen matrix, the results are interpreted as observed experimental trends rather than statistically generalised performance metrics. The results indicate that ribbed GFRP bars provide enhance mechanical interlocking; in this specific experimental program, the ribbed GFRP hybrid beam exhibits an observed load capacity approximately 11% greater than the sand-coated specimen in this study and surpassing comparable steel-only beams. Additionally, ribbed configurations demonstrated an observed 15% higher toughness. In contrast, sand-coated hybrid beams exhibited signs of premature bond degradation, quantitatively captured by strain gauge monitoring; sand-coated bars plateaued at 14,000 &#181;ε, reaching only 79% of their theoretical rupture capacity. This strain limitation indicates failure by internal slippage rather than material rupture, further evidenced by a 50% reduction in crack propagation compared to ribbed beams. While energy-based ductility indices suggest a marginal 6% advantage for sand-coated bars, both hybrid systems exhibited relatively low energy-based ductility indices (μ &lt; 2), reflecting the linear-elastic nature of GFRP reinforcement. These findings suggest that the mechanical interlock of ribbed surface treatments is more resilient under the combined stress states typical of hybrid configurations, providing a foundational baseline for the development of future numerical models and reliability-based design frameworks for hybrid GFRP-steel-RC systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Materials (1996-1944) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/ma19071372
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 1372
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Glass-reinforced plastics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Interface dynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Concrete beams
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ductility
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Surface preparation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Anchorage (Structural engineering)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Structural design
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Effects of Sand-Coated and Ribbed GFRP Bars in Hybrid GFRP-Steel-Reinforced Concrete Beams.
        Type: main
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          Name:
            NameFull: Devaraj, Rajeev
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            NameFull: Olofinjana, Ayodele
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            NameFull: Gerber, Christophe
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            – D: 01
              M: 04
              Text: Apr2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 19961944
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              Value: 19
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              Value: 7
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            – TitleFull: Materials (1996-1944)
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