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Web crippling design of modular construction optimised beams under interior-two-flange (ITF) loading.

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Title: Web crippling design of modular construction optimised beams under interior-two-flange (ITF) loading.
Authors: Lifsey, Jack1 (AUTHOR), Gray, Drew Thomas1 (AUTHOR), Sifan, Mohamed2 (AUTHOR) s.muhamadibrahim@surrey.ac.uk, Poologanathan, Keerthan1 (AUTHOR), Lingaretnam, Jeyasutha3 (AUTHOR), Popo-Ola, Sunday4 (AUTHOR), Higgins, Craig5 (AUTHOR)
Source: Advances in Structural Engineering. May2026, Vol. 29 Issue 7, p1285-1304. 20p.
Subjects: Modular construction, Cold-formed steel, Finite element method, Mechanical buckling, Structural design, Structural optimization, Structural failures
Abstract: Modular construction is gaining prominence for its sustainability, speed of assembly, reduced material waste, and cost-effectiveness. Cold-formed steel (CFS) beams, such as the Modular Construction Optimised (MCO) beam, play a vital role in these structures due to their lightweight characteristics, high strength-to-weight ratio, and ease of fabrication. However, the thin-walled geometry of CFS beams introduces challenges in structural design, particularly due to complex buckling and failure modes. The structural behaviour of the MCO beam remains insufficiently explored, with no prior research focusing on its web crippling performance under interior two-flange (ITF) loading. Existing design codes provide equations for estimating web crippling capacity. However, these provisions have been shown to underestimate the actual capacity of complex CFS sections, resulting in overly conservative designs and inefficient material use. To address these limitations, this study investigates the web crippling behaviour of the MCO beam using finite element analysis (FEA). Numerical models were developed and validated against experimental web crippling data from similar beam types. A parametric study involving 162 FE models was conducted to assess the influence of key geometric parameters displaying an average reduction of 27% due to corner radius effects. All models assumed unfastened flanges, reflecting common modular construction practices. Based on the results, new design equations were proposed to improve the accuracy of web crippling capacity predictions, providing a mean value of 1.00 and COV value of 0.08 and 0.07. These findings support the development of more efficient design practices, reduce material overuse, and contribute to the optimisation of lightweight modular steel structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Advances in Structural Engineering is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Web crippling design of modular construction optimised beams under interior-two-flange (ITF) loading.
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  Data: Modular construction is gaining prominence for its sustainability, speed of assembly, reduced material waste, and cost-effectiveness. Cold-formed steel (CFS) beams, such as the Modular Construction Optimised (MCO) beam, play a vital role in these structures due to their lightweight characteristics, high strength-to-weight ratio, and ease of fabrication. However, the thin-walled geometry of CFS beams introduces challenges in structural design, particularly due to complex buckling and failure modes. The structural behaviour of the MCO beam remains insufficiently explored, with no prior research focusing on its web crippling performance under interior two-flange (ITF) loading. Existing design codes provide equations for estimating web crippling capacity. However, these provisions have been shown to underestimate the actual capacity of complex CFS sections, resulting in overly conservative designs and inefficient material use. To address these limitations, this study investigates the web crippling behaviour of the MCO beam using finite element analysis (FEA). Numerical models were developed and validated against experimental web crippling data from similar beam types. A parametric study involving 162 FE models was conducted to assess the influence of key geometric parameters displaying an average reduction of 27% due to corner radius effects. All models assumed unfastened flanges, reflecting common modular construction practices. Based on the results, new design equations were proposed to improve the accuracy of web crippling capacity predictions, providing a mean value of 1.00 and COV value of 0.08 and 0.07. These findings support the development of more efficient design practices, reduce material overuse, and contribute to the optimisation of lightweight modular steel structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Advances in Structural Engineering is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1177/13694332251369094
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 20
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cold-formed steel
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      – SubjectFull: Finite element method
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      – SubjectFull: Mechanical buckling
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      – SubjectFull: Structural design
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      – SubjectFull: Structural optimization
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      – SubjectFull: Structural failures
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      – TitleFull: Web crippling design of modular construction optimised beams under interior-two-flange (ITF) loading.
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              M: 05
              Text: May2026
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              Y: 2026
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