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Assessment of Dog-Leash Pulling Force and the Impact of Dog-Walking on Gait Kinematics.

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Title: Assessment of Dog-Leash Pulling Force and the Impact of Dog-Walking on Gait Kinematics.
Authors: Peebles, Alex1,2 (AUTHOR) alexander.peebles@udc.edu, Bennett, Michael1 (AUTHOR), Morrison, Samantha2 (AUTHOR), Ramirez-Reyes, Julio1 (AUTHOR), Chen, Ji1,2 (AUTHOR), Thompson, Lara1,2,3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Annals of Biomedical Engineering. May2026, Vol. 54 Issue 5, p1482-1493. 12p.
Subjects: Dog walking, Force & energy, Injury risk factors, Dynamic balance (Mechanics), Human locomotion, Measuring instruments
Abstract: Purpose: 1) Characterize the magnitude and consistency of dog-leash tension during routine walks in an at-home setting and 2) determine the effects of walking with a dog on-leash on gait intensity and variability. Methods: A wireless system was designed to simultaneously measure dog-leash tension and gait kinematics. Twenty human subjects took their dog for one routine walk in their home environment and repeated the same walk without their dog for comparison. Peak force and peak loading rate were computed during periods of non-gait and during each stride and characterized using standard statistical metrics. Gait intensity and variability metrics were compared between trials (walking with a dog versus walking alone) using paired samples t-tests. Results: The largest pulling event recorded was during a period of non-gait, with a force of 412.5 N and loading rate of 2868.7 N/s. Half of our participants experienced leash tension of 125 N or greater when walking their dog. Participants had increased stride time variability (p = 0.035) and decreased power spectral density amplitude in the vertical (p = 0.016) and anteroposterior directions (p = 0.003) when walking with a dog compared to walking alone. Gait intensity metrics were not different between walking conditions. Conclusion: Some dog owners routinely experience dog-pulling forces that pose a risk of injury to musculoskeletal tissue directly and indirectly through accidental falls. There is a large amount of between- and within-subject variability in leash pulling metrics. Walking a dog on-leash challenges dynamic balance, as reflected through increased gait variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Annals of Biomedical Engineering is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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  Availability: 0
Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 193086748
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Data: Assessment of Dog-Leash Pulling Force and the Impact of Dog-Walking on Gait Kinematics.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Peebles%2C+Alex%22">Peebles, Alex</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> alexander.peebles@udc.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bennett%2C+Michael%22">Bennett, Michael</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Morrison%2C+Samantha%22">Morrison, Samantha</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ramirez-Reyes%2C+Julio%22">Ramirez-Reyes, Julio</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chen%2C+Ji%22">Chen, Ji</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Thompson%2C+Lara%22">Thompson, Lara</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Annals+of+Biomedical+Engineering%22">Annals of Biomedical Engineering</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 54 Issue 5, p1482-1493. 12p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dog+walking%22">Dog walking</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Force+%26+energy%22">Force & energy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Injury+risk+factors%22">Injury risk factors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dynamic+balance+%28Mechanics%29%22">Dynamic balance (Mechanics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Human+locomotion%22">Human locomotion</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Measuring+instruments%22">Measuring instruments</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Purpose: 1) Characterize the magnitude and consistency of dog-leash tension during routine walks in an at-home setting and 2) determine the effects of walking with a dog on-leash on gait intensity and variability. Methods: A wireless system was designed to simultaneously measure dog-leash tension and gait kinematics. Twenty human subjects took their dog for one routine walk in their home environment and repeated the same walk without their dog for comparison. Peak force and peak loading rate were computed during periods of non-gait and during each stride and characterized using standard statistical metrics. Gait intensity and variability metrics were compared between trials (walking with a dog versus walking alone) using paired samples t-tests. Results: The largest pulling event recorded was during a period of non-gait, with a force of 412.5 N and loading rate of 2868.7 N/s. Half of our participants experienced leash tension of 125 N or greater when walking their dog. Participants had increased stride time variability (p = 0.035) and decreased power spectral density amplitude in the vertical (p = 0.016) and anteroposterior directions (p = 0.003) when walking with a dog compared to walking alone. Gait intensity metrics were not different between walking conditions. Conclusion: Some dog owners routinely experience dog-pulling forces that pose a risk of injury to musculoskeletal tissue directly and indirectly through accidental falls. There is a large amount of between- and within-subject variability in leash pulling metrics. Walking a dog on-leash challenges dynamic balance, as reflected through increased gait variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Annals of Biomedical Engineering is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s10439-025-03954-1
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Force & energy
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      – SubjectFull: Injury risk factors
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      – TitleFull: Assessment of Dog-Leash Pulling Force and the Impact of Dog-Walking on Gait Kinematics.
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              Text: May2026
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              Y: 2026
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