View in EDS

Process-driven roadmap for depositing super duplex stainless steel via wire Arc additive manufacturing.

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Title: Process-driven roadmap for depositing super duplex stainless steel via wire Arc additive manufacturing.
Authors: Ramkumar, K R1,2 (AUTHOR), Burad, Prayag1 (AUTHOR), Mahey, Vishal1 (AUTHOR), Yamamoto, Yukinori3 (AUTHOR), Nycz, Andrzej4 (AUTHOR), Wallace, Riley4 (AUTHOR), Roy, Sougata1 (AUTHOR) sroy@iastate.edu
Source: International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. Apr2026, Vol. 143 Issue 9/10, p5203-5215. 13p.
Subjects: Duplex stainless steel, Electric welding, Speed, Shielding gases, Porosity, Phase equilibrium
Abstract: This study systematically investigates the effects of shielding gas, bead spacing, weld mode, and travel speed on the phase balance, porosity, and hardness of wire arc additively manufactured (WAAM) super duplex stainless steel (ER2594). Robotic WAAM was employed to fabricate multilayer walls under systematically varied process conditions, followed by phase transformation simulations, X-ray computed tomography (XCT), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and microhardness evaluation. Thermodynamic simulations predicted rapid cooling of AM process can suppress the potential formation of deleterious precipitates which was later validated via cross-sectional microstructure analyses of printed samples. XCT revealed porosity levels below 0.2% for all deposits, with reduced travel speed significantly lowering defect volume. Microstructural analyses revealed the evolution of various austenite precipitates, including grain boundary austenite (GBA), Widmanstätten austenite (WA), and intergranular austenite (IGA), sequentially upon cooling of the ferrite phase. Among all process parameters, weld transfer mode exhibited the strongest influence on phase balance; pulsed mode promoted higher ferrite retention (~ 36%) compared to RapidX mode. No consistent relationship between stabilized phase fraction and captured microhardness was observed. This work provides critical insights for optimizing WAAM parameters to control phase balance and mechanical performance, which is essential for producing high-integrity super duplex stainless-steel components for nuclear and marine applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 193116410
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Process-driven roadmap for depositing super duplex stainless steel via wire Arc additive manufacturing.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ramkumar%2C+K+R%22">Ramkumar, K R</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Burad%2C+Prayag%22">Burad, Prayag</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mahey%2C+Vishal%22">Mahey, Vishal</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yamamoto%2C+Yukinori%22">Yamamoto, Yukinori</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nycz%2C+Andrzej%22">Nycz, Andrzej</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wallace%2C+Riley%22">Wallace, Riley</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Roy%2C+Sougata%22">Roy, Sougata</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> sroy@iastate.edu</i>
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Advanced+Manufacturing+Technology%22">International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 143 Issue 9/10, p5203-5215. 13p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Duplex+stainless+steel%22">Duplex stainless steel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electric+welding%22">Electric welding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Speed%22">Speed</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Shielding+gases%22">Shielding gases</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Porosity%22">Porosity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phase+equilibrium%22">Phase equilibrium</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study systematically investigates the effects of shielding gas, bead spacing, weld mode, and travel speed on the phase balance, porosity, and hardness of wire arc additively manufactured (WAAM) super duplex stainless steel (ER2594). Robotic WAAM was employed to fabricate multilayer walls under systematically varied process conditions, followed by phase transformation simulations, X-ray computed tomography (XCT), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and microhardness evaluation. Thermodynamic simulations predicted rapid cooling of AM process can suppress the potential formation of deleterious precipitates which was later validated via cross-sectional microstructure analyses of printed samples. XCT revealed porosity levels below 0.2% for all deposits, with reduced travel speed significantly lowering defect volume. Microstructural analyses revealed the evolution of various austenite precipitates, including grain boundary austenite (GBA), Widmanstätten austenite (WA), and intergranular austenite (IGA), sequentially upon cooling of the ferrite phase. Among all process parameters, weld transfer mode exhibited the strongest influence on phase balance; pulsed mode promoted higher ferrite retention (~ 36%) compared to RapidX mode. No consistent relationship between stabilized phase fraction and captured microhardness was observed. This work provides critical insights for optimizing WAAM parameters to control phase balance and mechanical performance, which is essential for producing high-integrity super duplex stainless-steel components for nuclear and marine applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=egs&AN=193116410
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s00170-026-17788-1
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 5203
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Duplex stainless steel
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electric welding
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Speed
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Shielding gases
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Porosity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phase equilibrium
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Process-driven roadmap for depositing super duplex stainless steel via wire Arc additive manufacturing.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Ramkumar, K R
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Burad, Prayag
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Mahey, Vishal
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Yamamoto, Yukinori
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Nycz, Andrzej
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Wallace, Riley
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Roy, Sougata
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 15
              M: 04
              Text: Apr2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 02683768
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 143
            – Type: issue
              Value: 9/10
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
              Type: main
ResultId 1