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SIMULATED THERMAL RESPONSE OF A BATTERY PACK USED BY ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELERS.

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Title: SIMULATED THERMAL RESPONSE OF A BATTERY PACK USED BY ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELERS.
Authors: NITUCA, Costica1 costica.nituca@academic.tuiasi.ro, DRAGOMIR, Alin1, GABOR, Georgel1, CHIRIAC, Gabriel1
Source: Thermal Science. 2026, Vol. 30 Issue 2B, p1315-1326. 12p.
Subjects: Computer simulation of heat transfer, Temperature distribution, Energy conservation, Electric motorcycles, Simulation software, Lithium-ion batteries, Battery storage plants, Thermal properties
Abstract: This article presents a theoretical investigation into the thermal behavior of a pack of 18650 lithium-ion commercial batteries used for the propulsion of two-wheeled electric vehicles. In the first part, we highlight the theoretical aspects that describe the energy balance of a cylindrical lithium-ion battery based on the law of conservation of energy. The research aims to emphasize the effect of temperature on the technical performance of batteries. Next, using the COMSOL Multiphysics 6.2 software package, "heat transfer in solids and fluids", the thermal behavior was modeled for a single cylindrical battery cell, type 18650 lithium-ion, 3.7 V, 2200 mAh, respectively a battery pack with the same type of cells, 18650 lithium-ion. The battery pack was made in the structure of 3 cells in series and 7 cells in parallel (3S7P). The distribution of the temperature generated inside the battery cell, respectively in the structure of the 3S7P battery pack, was taken into account, at a charge/discharge rate considered extreme of 5.5C. In order to ensure a quality mesh in the process of simulating the geometry of the 3S7P battery pack, a mesh convergence study was also considered through progressively finer runs until the temperature of the battery pack did not change significantly with the subsequent refinement of the mesh. Simulations of thermal behavior were conducted while accounting for thermal conductivity, density, heat capacity, and heat source in the batteries. The battery pack was thermally loaded to measure temperatures inside the protective case, starting from an initial ambient temperature. The results obtained demonstrate several characteristics that can enhance the technical performance of battery packs used in electric two-wheeled vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Thermal Science is the property of Society of Thermal Engineers of Serbia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: SIMULATED THERMAL RESPONSE OF A BATTERY PACK USED BY ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELERS.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Thermal+Science%22">Thermal Science</searchLink>. 2026, Vol. 30 Issue 2B, p1315-1326. 12p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+simulation+of+heat+transfer%22">Computer simulation of heat transfer</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Temperature+distribution%22">Temperature distribution</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+conservation%22">Energy conservation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electric+motorcycles%22">Electric motorcycles</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Simulation+software%22">Simulation software</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lithium-ion+batteries%22">Lithium-ion batteries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Battery+storage+plants%22">Battery storage plants</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermal+properties%22">Thermal properties</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
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  Data: This article presents a theoretical investigation into the thermal behavior of a pack of 18650 lithium-ion commercial batteries used for the propulsion of two-wheeled electric vehicles. In the first part, we highlight the theoretical aspects that describe the energy balance of a cylindrical lithium-ion battery based on the law of conservation of energy. The research aims to emphasize the effect of temperature on the technical performance of batteries. Next, using the COMSOL Multiphysics 6.2 software package, "heat transfer in solids and fluids", the thermal behavior was modeled for a single cylindrical battery cell, type 18650 lithium-ion, 3.7 V, 2200 mAh, respectively a battery pack with the same type of cells, 18650 lithium-ion. The battery pack was made in the structure of 3 cells in series and 7 cells in parallel (3S7P). The distribution of the temperature generated inside the battery cell, respectively in the structure of the 3S7P battery pack, was taken into account, at a charge/discharge rate considered extreme of 5.5C. In order to ensure a quality mesh in the process of simulating the geometry of the 3S7P battery pack, a mesh convergence study was also considered through progressively finer runs until the temperature of the battery pack did not change significantly with the subsequent refinement of the mesh. Simulations of thermal behavior were conducted while accounting for thermal conductivity, density, heat capacity, and heat source in the batteries. The battery pack was thermally loaded to measure temperatures inside the protective case, starting from an initial ambient temperature. The results obtained demonstrate several characteristics that can enhance the technical performance of battery packs used in electric two-wheeled vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Thermal Science is the property of Society of Thermal Engineers of Serbia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.2298/TSCI250724194N
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 12
        StartPage: 1315
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Computer simulation of heat transfer
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Temperature distribution
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Energy conservation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electric motorcycles
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Simulation software
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lithium-ion batteries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Battery storage plants
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermal properties
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: SIMULATED THERMAL RESPONSE OF A BATTERY PACK USED BY ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELERS.
        Type: main
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          Name:
            NameFull: NITUCA, Costica
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            NameFull: DRAGOMIR, Alin
      – PersonEntity:
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            NameFull: GABOR, Georgel
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            NameFull: CHIRIAC, Gabriel
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            – D: 15
              M: 02
              Text: 2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 30
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              Value: 2B
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Thermal Science
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