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Driving forces of the humification process in composting: from a microbial perspective.

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Title: Driving forces of the humification process in composting: from a microbial perspective.
Authors: Wang, Jun1, Chen, Yaoning1 cyn@hnu.edu.cn, Li, Hui2 lihuiluoyang@163.com, Li, Yuanping3, Jiang, Hongjuan1, Jiang, Kunhong1, Wang, Nan1, He, Yihang1, Yi, Zhigang1,4, Peng, Xing4
Source: Applied & Environmental Microbiology. Apr2026, Vol. 92 Issue 4, p1-16. 16p.
Subjects: Microbial metabolism, Humification, Polymerization, Enzymes, Humus, Cell metabolism, Composting
Abstract: In composting, humification is critical for final compost quality and effectiveness and involves small molecules polymerizing into humic substances (HS). Microbial metabolism, as the core process of composting, drives this transformation. However, the full relationship between microbial metabolic processes and humification-related polymerization remains unclear in current research. This review first examines humification polymerization mechanisms from the perspective of precursors through functional group reactions and radical oxidative coupling. Then, it systematically elucidates the central role of microbial extracellular and intracellular metabolisms in driving the humification process. On the one hand, the effects of hydrolases and oxidoreductases of extracellular metabolism on the polymerization are elaborated in detail. On the other hand, it delves into the dual contributions of intracellular metabolism: catabolism supplies essential precursors and active energy for polymerization reactions through substance degradation and oxidative phosphorylation, while anabolism is directly involved in the biosynthesis of humus precursors. This work aims to provide a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding the microbial driving mechanisms behind humification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Applied & Environmental Microbiology is the property of American Society for Microbiology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 193303428
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Driving forces of the humification process in composting: from a microbial perspective.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Jun%22">Wang, Jun</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chen%2C+Yaoning%22">Chen, Yaoning</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> cyn@hnu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Hui%22">Li, Hui</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><i> lihuiluoyang@163.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Yuanping%22">Li, Yuanping</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jiang%2C+Hongjuan%22">Jiang, Hongjuan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jiang%2C+Kunhong%22">Jiang, Kunhong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Nan%22">Wang, Nan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22He%2C+Yihang%22">He, Yihang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yi%2C+Zhigang%22">Yi, Zhigang</searchLink><relatesTo>1,4</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Peng%2C+Xing%22">Peng, Xing</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Applied+%26+Environmental+Microbiology%22">Applied & Environmental Microbiology</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 92 Issue 4, p1-16. 16p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microbial+metabolism%22">Microbial metabolism</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Humification%22">Humification</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polymerization%22">Polymerization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Enzymes%22">Enzymes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Humus%22">Humus</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cell+metabolism%22">Cell metabolism</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Composting%22">Composting</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: In composting, humification is critical for final compost quality and effectiveness and involves small molecules polymerizing into humic substances (HS). Microbial metabolism, as the core process of composting, drives this transformation. However, the full relationship between microbial metabolic processes and humification-related polymerization remains unclear in current research. This review first examines humification polymerization mechanisms from the perspective of precursors through functional group reactions and radical oxidative coupling. Then, it systematically elucidates the central role of microbial extracellular and intracellular metabolisms in driving the humification process. On the one hand, the effects of hydrolases and oxidoreductases of extracellular metabolism on the polymerization are elaborated in detail. On the other hand, it delves into the dual contributions of intracellular metabolism: catabolism supplies essential precursors and active energy for polymerization reactions through substance degradation and oxidative phosphorylation, while anabolism is directly involved in the biosynthesis of humus precursors. This work aims to provide a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding the microbial driving mechanisms behind humification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Applied & Environmental Microbiology is the property of American Society for Microbiology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1128/aem.00207-26
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Microbial metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humification
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polymerization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Enzymes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humus
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cell metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Composting
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Driving forces of the humification process in composting: from a microbial perspective.
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            – D: 01
              M: 04
              Text: Apr2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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