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Estimation of the solar modulation limit of cosmic rays.

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Title: Estimation of the solar modulation limit of cosmic rays.
Authors: Caballero-Lopez, R.A.1 (AUTHOR) rogelioc@geofisica.unam.mx
Source: Advances in Space Research. May2026, Vol. 77 Issue 10, p10906-10912. 7p.
Subjects: Cosmic rays, Solar activity, Solar energetic particles, Galactic cosmic rays, Frequency spectra, Neutron counters, Sun, Parameterization
Abstract: During the last six solar activity cycles, the intensity of cosmic radiation has exhibited variations of different magnitudes. Since 1960, the global neutron monitor network has identified a maximum in global modulation in June 1991 and a global minimum in December 2009. This study analyzes the reduction of the cosmic-ray spectrum at the top of the atmosphere as a function of time and energy. A simple method is proposed for calculating the modulation factor. The results show that, during the interval considered, the Sun has been able to reduce the intensity spectrum by 10 % of its interstellar value at approximately 50 GeV and by about 5 % at approximately 100 GeV. Reductions at higher energies cannot be detected with current observational accuracy unless solar activity becomes significantly stronger than that observed in June 1991. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Advances in Space Research is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 193312391
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Estimation of the solar modulation limit of cosmic rays.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Caballero-Lopez%2C+R%2EA%2E%22">Caballero-Lopez, R.A.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> rogelioc@geofisica.unam.mx</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Advances+in+Space+Research%22">Advances in Space Research</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 77 Issue 10, p10906-10912. 7p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cosmic+rays%22">Cosmic rays</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solar+activity%22">Solar activity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solar+energetic+particles%22">Solar energetic particles</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Galactic+cosmic+rays%22">Galactic cosmic rays</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Frequency+spectra%22">Frequency spectra</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neutron+counters%22">Neutron counters</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sun%22">Sun</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Parameterization%22">Parameterization</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: During the last six solar activity cycles, the intensity of cosmic radiation has exhibited variations of different magnitudes. Since 1960, the global neutron monitor network has identified a maximum in global modulation in June 1991 and a global minimum in December 2009. This study analyzes the reduction of the cosmic-ray spectrum at the top of the atmosphere as a function of time and energy. A simple method is proposed for calculating the modulation factor. The results show that, during the interval considered, the Sun has been able to reduce the intensity spectrum by 10 % of its interstellar value at approximately 50 GeV and by about 5 % at approximately 100 GeV. Reductions at higher energies cannot be detected with current observational accuracy unless solar activity becomes significantly stronger than that observed in June 1991. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Advances in Space Research is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.asr.2026.02.061
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 7
        StartPage: 10906
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Cosmic rays
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Solar activity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Solar energetic particles
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Galactic cosmic rays
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Frequency spectra
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Neutron counters
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sun
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Parameterization
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Estimation of the solar modulation limit of cosmic rays.
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              Text: May2026
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              Y: 2026
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