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Lignin‐Derived Flame Retardants for Enhanced Fire Safety: A Review.

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Title: Lignin‐Derived Flame Retardants for Enhanced Fire Safety: A Review.
Authors: Kaynak, Elif1 (AUTHOR) elif.kaynak@associated.ltu.se, Wachter, Igor2 (AUTHOR), Shanmugam, Vigneshwaran1 (AUTHOR), Zuhudi, Nurul Zuhairah Mahmud3 (AUTHOR), Das, Oisik1,3 (AUTHOR) oisik.das@ltu.se
Source: Macromolecular Materials & Engineering. Apr2026, Vol. 311 Issue 4, p1-19. 19p.
Subjects: Lignins, Fireproofing agents, Fire prevention, Sustainability, Thermolysis, Biopolymers, Polymeric composites
Abstract: Increasing concerns and regulatory restrictions associated with conventional flame retardants have driven research into halogen‐free and bio‐based alternatives that combine fire safety with reduced environmental impact. Lignin, a macromolecule prevalent in biomass, has emerged as a promising candidate for flame‐retardant applications owing to its intrinsic charring ability, high carbon content, and chemical versatility. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of lignin‐derived flame retardants, addressing fire behavior assessment, structure–property relationships, flame‐retardant mechanisms, and practical applications in polymers, coatings, textiles, and construction materials. The influence of plant origin and extraction method on thermal decomposition, char formation, and combustion behavior is discussed in detail, with particular emphasis on condensed‐phase mechanisms governing fire performance. Strategies employing unmodified lignin, chemically modified lignin (phosphorus‐, nitrogen‐, and silicon‐containing systems), lignin‐containing intumescent formulations, and lignin‐derived nanocomposites are systematically reviewed. Their effects on flammability metrics, heat release characteristics, smoke suppression, and mechanical performance are critically assessed. While lignin‐based systems demonstrate significant potential to reduce heat release and enhance char stability, challenges remain related to dispersion, compatibility, processing stability, and the sustainability of modification routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Macromolecular Materials & Engineering is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Lignin‐Derived Flame Retardants for Enhanced Fire Safety: A Review.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Macromolecular+Materials+%26+Engineering%22">Macromolecular Materials & Engineering</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 311 Issue 4, p1-19. 19p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lignins%22">Lignins</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fireproofing+agents%22">Fireproofing agents</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fire+prevention%22">Fire prevention</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sustainability%22">Sustainability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermolysis%22">Thermolysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biopolymers%22">Biopolymers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polymeric+composites%22">Polymeric composites</searchLink>
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  Data: Increasing concerns and regulatory restrictions associated with conventional flame retardants have driven research into halogen‐free and bio‐based alternatives that combine fire safety with reduced environmental impact. Lignin, a macromolecule prevalent in biomass, has emerged as a promising candidate for flame‐retardant applications owing to its intrinsic charring ability, high carbon content, and chemical versatility. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of lignin‐derived flame retardants, addressing fire behavior assessment, structure–property relationships, flame‐retardant mechanisms, and practical applications in polymers, coatings, textiles, and construction materials. The influence of plant origin and extraction method on thermal decomposition, char formation, and combustion behavior is discussed in detail, with particular emphasis on condensed‐phase mechanisms governing fire performance. Strategies employing unmodified lignin, chemically modified lignin (phosphorus‐, nitrogen‐, and silicon‐containing systems), lignin‐containing intumescent formulations, and lignin‐derived nanocomposites are systematically reviewed. Their effects on flammability metrics, heat release characteristics, smoke suppression, and mechanical performance are critically assessed. While lignin‐based systems demonstrate significant potential to reduce heat release and enhance char stability, challenges remain related to dispersion, compatibility, processing stability, and the sustainability of modification routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Macromolecular Materials & Engineering is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1002/mame.70223
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 19
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      – SubjectFull: Lignins
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fireproofing agents
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fire prevention
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      – SubjectFull: Sustainability
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      – SubjectFull: Thermolysis
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      – SubjectFull: Biopolymers
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      – SubjectFull: Polymeric composites
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Lignin‐Derived Flame Retardants for Enhanced Fire Safety: A Review.
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            NameFull: Kaynak, Elif
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            NameFull: Wachter, Igor
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            NameFull: Shanmugam, Vigneshwaran
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            NameFull: Zuhudi, Nurul Zuhairah Mahmud
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            NameFull: Das, Oisik
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              M: 04
              Text: Apr2026
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              Y: 2026
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