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Assessing ice risks for offshore wind development in the Great Lakes.

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Title: Assessing ice risks for offshore wind development in the Great Lakes.
Authors: Javaherian, M. Javad1,2 (AUTHOR) mjava@umich.edu, Abdelhady, Hazem3 (AUTHOR), Cannon, David1,2 (AUTHOR) djcannon@umich.edu, Wang, Jia4 (AUTHOR), Fujisaki-Manome, Ayumi2,5 (AUTHOR), Zuo, Lei1 (AUTHOR) leizuo@umich.edu
Source: Ocean Engineering. Jun2026:Part 2, Vol. 357, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subjects: Wind turbines, Wind power, Lakes, Energy infrastructure, Environmental risk assessment
Geographic Terms: Great Lakes (North America), Lake Erie, Lake Huron (Mich. & Ont.)
Abstract: • Great Lakes ice is simulated with FVCOM-CICE framework for 1940-2022. • Spatial and temporal ice cover, thickness, and velocity are reported and validated. • Ice momentum severity, packed ice probability, and icing risks are analyzed. • Ice intensity index is introduced to guide siting and design of offshore wind turbines. • Erie and Huron show highest, while Ontario and Michigan show lowest ice risks. The Laurentian Great Lakes represent a vast and largely untapped potential for offshore wind energy that is crucial for regional decarbonization, energy security, and economic development. However, seasonal freshwater ice introduces unique engineering and operational risks, especially since limited availability of ice data poses challenges to safe and cost-effective design. To address this gap, we apply a fully coupled three-dimensional hydrodynamic-ice model (FVCOM–CICE) to simulate ice conditions across all five Great Lakes over an 83-year period (1940–2022). The model, validated against satellite and in-situ measurements, yields detailed spatial and temporal distributions of ice concentration, thickness, and velocity. To provide an integrated assessment for wind energy development, a composite ice intensity index is introduced by synthesizing ice momentum, packed ice risk, and icing severity. This index enables site-specific quantification of overall ice hazards to support more robust wind turbine siting, design, and risk mitigation. A case study is also presented to demonstrate practical applications of simulated ice data in evaluating ISO/IEC design ice load limits on offshore wind platforms. Results reveal that extreme ice hazards are prevalent in Lake Erie, Lake Huron, and parts of Lake Superior, while Lake Ontario and central and southern regions of Lake Michigan exhibit consistently lower ice risks. This paper offers a foundation for resilient offshore wind infrastructure and supports multi-criteria decision frameworks in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Ocean Engineering is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 193369348
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Assessing ice risks for offshore wind development in the Great Lakes.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Javaherian%2C+M%2E+Javad%22">Javaherian, M. Javad</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> mjava@umich.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Abdelhady%2C+Hazem%22">Abdelhady, Hazem</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cannon%2C+David%22">Cannon, David</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> djcannon@umich.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Jia%22">Wang, Jia</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fujisaki-Manome%2C+Ayumi%22">Fujisaki-Manome, Ayumi</searchLink><relatesTo>2,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zuo%2C+Lei%22">Zuo, Lei</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> leizuo@umich.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Ocean+Engineering%22">Ocean Engineering</searchLink>. Jun2026:Part 2, Vol. 357, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wind+turbines%22">Wind turbines</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wind+power%22">Wind power</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lakes%22">Lakes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+infrastructure%22">Energy infrastructure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Environmental+risk+assessment%22">Environmental risk assessment</searchLink>
– Name: SubjectGeographic
  Label: Geographic Terms
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Great+Lakes+%28North+America%29%22">Great Lakes (North America)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lake+Erie%22">Lake Erie</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lake+Huron+%28Mich%2E+%26+Ont%2E%29%22">Lake Huron (Mich. & Ont.)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: • Great Lakes ice is simulated with FVCOM-CICE framework for 1940-2022. • Spatial and temporal ice cover, thickness, and velocity are reported and validated. • Ice momentum severity, packed ice probability, and icing risks are analyzed. • Ice intensity index is introduced to guide siting and design of offshore wind turbines. • Erie and Huron show highest, while Ontario and Michigan show lowest ice risks. The Laurentian Great Lakes represent a vast and largely untapped potential for offshore wind energy that is crucial for regional decarbonization, energy security, and economic development. However, seasonal freshwater ice introduces unique engineering and operational risks, especially since limited availability of ice data poses challenges to safe and cost-effective design. To address this gap, we apply a fully coupled three-dimensional hydrodynamic-ice model (FVCOM–CICE) to simulate ice conditions across all five Great Lakes over an 83-year period (1940–2022). The model, validated against satellite and in-situ measurements, yields detailed spatial and temporal distributions of ice concentration, thickness, and velocity. To provide an integrated assessment for wind energy development, a composite ice intensity index is introduced by synthesizing ice momentum, packed ice risk, and icing severity. This index enables site-specific quantification of overall ice hazards to support more robust wind turbine siting, design, and risk mitigation. A case study is also presented to demonstrate practical applications of simulated ice data in evaluating ISO/IEC design ice load limits on offshore wind platforms. Results reveal that extreme ice hazards are prevalent in Lake Erie, Lake Huron, and parts of Lake Superior, while Lake Ontario and central and southern regions of Lake Michigan exhibit consistently lower ice risks. This paper offers a foundation for resilient offshore wind infrastructure and supports multi-criteria decision frameworks in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Ocean Engineering is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=egs&AN=193369348
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.125327
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Wind turbines
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wind power
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lakes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Energy infrastructure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Environmental risk assessment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Great Lakes (North America)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lake Erie
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lake Huron (Mich. & Ont.)
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Assessing ice risks for offshore wind development in the Great Lakes.
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            – D: 15
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026:Part 2
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 357
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