Revealing the optical soliton solution of the fourth-order perturbed Schrödinger–Hirota equation using Kudryashov's law.

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Title: Revealing the optical soliton solution of the fourth-order perturbed Schrödinger–Hirota equation using Kudryashov's law.
Authors: Esen, Handenur1 (AUTHOR), Secer, Aydin2 (AUTHOR), Ozisik, Muslum1 (AUTHOR), Bayram, Mustafa2 (AUTHOR) mustafabayram@biruni.edu.tr
Source: Pramana: Journal of Physics. Jun2026, Vol. 100 Issue 2, p1-13. 13p.
Subjects: Optical solitons, Modulational instability, Partial differential equations, Solitons, Nonlinear optics, Theory of wave motion, Scientific method
Abstract: This manuscript focusses on the fourth-order perturbed Schrödinger–Hirota equation (SHE), which exhibits Kudryashov's law. Incorporating higher-order dispersion and nonlinearities through the inclusion of Kudryashov's law, the fourth-order perturbed Schrödinger–Hirota equation offers a more accurate model for wave propagation in systems like optical fibres and quantum theory. Utilising the F-expansion scheme, we reveal the analytical solutions for the presented equation. Additionally, a comprehensive examination of modulation instability is performed to assess the stability properties of these solutions, identifying specific parameter ranges where instabilities occur. Moreover, detailed 3D, contour and 2D graphical visualisations illustrate some of the derived solutions. As a result, we retrieve dark, bright and periodic soliton solutions. The combination of a higher-order nonlinear model, the inclusion of Kudryashov's law and the derivation of multiple types of solitons presents a novel approach that advances the understanding of soliton behaviour in more complex systems. Additionally, the 2D graphical representations take into account the impact of certain parameters. The results provide substantial support for the theoretical understanding of complex nonlinear systems and offer practical insights for experimental design and analysis in nonlinear optics and related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Pramana: Journal of Physics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Revealing the optical soliton solution of the fourth-order perturbed Schrödinger–Hirota equation using Kudryashov's law.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Pramana%3A+Journal+of+Physics%22">Pramana: Journal of Physics</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 100 Issue 2, p1-13. 13p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optical+solitons%22">Optical solitons</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Modulational+instability%22">Modulational instability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Partial+differential+equations%22">Partial differential equations</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solitons%22">Solitons</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nonlinear+optics%22">Nonlinear optics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Theory+of+wave+motion%22">Theory of wave motion</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Scientific+method%22">Scientific method</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: This manuscript focusses on the fourth-order perturbed Schrödinger–Hirota equation (SHE), which exhibits Kudryashov's law. Incorporating higher-order dispersion and nonlinearities through the inclusion of Kudryashov's law, the fourth-order perturbed Schrödinger–Hirota equation offers a more accurate model for wave propagation in systems like optical fibres and quantum theory. Utilising the F-expansion scheme, we reveal the analytical solutions for the presented equation. Additionally, a comprehensive examination of modulation instability is performed to assess the stability properties of these solutions, identifying specific parameter ranges where instabilities occur. Moreover, detailed 3D, contour and 2D graphical visualisations illustrate some of the derived solutions. As a result, we retrieve dark, bright and periodic soliton solutions. The combination of a higher-order nonlinear model, the inclusion of Kudryashov's law and the derivation of multiple types of solitons presents a novel approach that advances the understanding of soliton behaviour in more complex systems. Additionally, the 2D graphical representations take into account the impact of certain parameters. The results provide substantial support for the theoretical understanding of complex nonlinear systems and offer practical insights for experimental design and analysis in nonlinear optics and related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Pramana: Journal of Physics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s12043-025-03083-3
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 13
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Optical solitons
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Modulational instability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Partial differential equations
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Solitons
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nonlinear optics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Theory of wave motion
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Scientific method
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Revealing the optical soliton solution of the fourth-order perturbed Schrödinger–Hirota equation using Kudryashov's law.
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            NameFull: Esen, Handenur
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            NameFull: Secer, Aydin
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            NameFull: Ozisik, Muslum
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            NameFull: Bayram, Mustafa
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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