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Exploring the roles of fungal extracellular vesicles in fungal pathogenesis and symbiosis: Current understandings and future perspectives.

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Title: Exploring the roles of fungal extracellular vesicles in fungal pathogenesis and symbiosis: Current understandings and future perspectives.
Authors: Sarkar, Subham1 (AUTHOR) subhamsarkar1108@gmail.com, Hazra, Aishee2 (AUTHOR) aisheehazra01@gmail.com, Dhara, Bikram3 (AUTHOR) bikramdhara.smc@saveetha.com, Tarafder, Entaj4 (AUTHOR), Mitra, Arup Kumar2 (AUTHOR) drakmitra01@sxccal.edu
Source: World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology. Apr2026, Vol. 42 Issue 4, p1-13. 13p.
Subjects: Extracellular vesicles, Symbiosis, Vaccine development, Mycoses, Aspergillus toxins, Biomarkers, Immunoregulation, Sustainable agriculture
Abstract: Fungal extracellular vesicles (FEVs) have emerged as sophisticated emissaries in cross-kingdom communication, redefining our understanding of fungal secretome in pathogens like Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida species. Rather than mere cellular debris, these bilayered structures are actively exported across the fungal cell wall via complex biogenesis mechanisms, carrying a potent cargo of virulence factors, genetic material, proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides. In human hosts, FEVs facilitate myco-pathogenesis by interacting directly with immune cells to modulate the immune response, either triggering inflammation via recognition of their molecular signatures, or enabling immune evasion, thereby aiding fungal survival and dissemination. This biological activity presents dual clinical opportunities. FEVs can serve as specific biomarkers for the early diagnosis of invasive fungal infections, such as invasive aspergillosis, even in asymptomatic individuals, and they hold immense potential as novel vaccine candidates or engineered vehicles for targeted drug delivery. Beyond human pathology, this review highlights that these vesicles act as fundamental mediators of fungal symbiosis, driving processes like lichenization and arbuscular mycorrhization, which opens promising new avenues for research into sustainable agriculture and plant survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 193390269
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  Data: Exploring the roles of fungal extracellular vesicles in fungal pathogenesis and symbiosis: Current understandings and future perspectives.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sarkar%2C+Subham%22">Sarkar, Subham</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> subhamsarkar1108@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hazra%2C+Aishee%22">Hazra, Aishee</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> aisheehazra01@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dhara%2C+Bikram%22">Dhara, Bikram</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> bikramdhara.smc@saveetha.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tarafder%2C+Entaj%22">Tarafder, Entaj</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mitra%2C+Arup+Kumar%22">Mitra, Arup Kumar</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> drakmitra01@sxccal.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22World+Journal+of+Microbiology+%26+Biotechnology%22">World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 42 Issue 4, p1-13. 13p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Extracellular+vesicles%22">Extracellular vesicles</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Symbiosis%22">Symbiosis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vaccine+development%22">Vaccine development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mycoses%22">Mycoses</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Aspergillus+toxins%22">Aspergillus toxins</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biomarkers%22">Biomarkers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Immunoregulation%22">Immunoregulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sustainable+agriculture%22">Sustainable agriculture</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Fungal extracellular vesicles (FEVs) have emerged as sophisticated emissaries in cross-kingdom communication, redefining our understanding of fungal secretome in pathogens like Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida species. Rather than mere cellular debris, these bilayered structures are actively exported across the fungal cell wall via complex biogenesis mechanisms, carrying a potent cargo of virulence factors, genetic material, proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides. In human hosts, FEVs facilitate myco-pathogenesis by interacting directly with immune cells to modulate the immune response, either triggering inflammation via recognition of their molecular signatures, or enabling immune evasion, thereby aiding fungal survival and dissemination. This biological activity presents dual clinical opportunities. FEVs can serve as specific biomarkers for the early diagnosis of invasive fungal infections, such as invasive aspergillosis, even in asymptomatic individuals, and they hold immense potential as novel vaccine candidates or engineered vehicles for targeted drug delivery. Beyond human pathology, this review highlights that these vesicles act as fundamental mediators of fungal symbiosis, driving processes like lichenization and arbuscular mycorrhization, which opens promising new avenues for research into sustainable agriculture and plant survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s11274-026-04923-z
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Extracellular vesicles
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Symbiosis
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      – SubjectFull: Vaccine development
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      – SubjectFull: Mycoses
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      – SubjectFull: Aspergillus toxins
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      – SubjectFull: Biomarkers
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      – SubjectFull: Immunoregulation
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      – SubjectFull: Sustainable agriculture
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      – TitleFull: Exploring the roles of fungal extracellular vesicles in fungal pathogenesis and symbiosis: Current understandings and future perspectives.
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            NameFull: Sarkar, Subham
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            NameFull: Dhara, Bikram
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              Text: Apr2026
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              Y: 2026
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