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A sandwich-structured liquid metal-based sensor with thermoplastic polyurethane and polyaniline nanocomposite for high sensitivity and durability.

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Title: A sandwich-structured liquid metal-based sensor with thermoplastic polyurethane and polyaniline nanocomposite for high sensitivity and durability.
Authors: Yan, Shujie1,2 (AUTHOR) shujieyan@zzu.edu.cn, Zhou, Shiqing1,2 (AUTHOR), Xiang, Lingfeng1,2 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Xiang1,2 (AUTHOR), Wang, Xiaofeng1,2 (AUTHOR) xiaofengwang@zzu.edu.cn, Li, Qian1,2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Materials Science. Jun2026, Vol. 61 Issue 22, p16140-16155. 16p.
Subjects: Strain sensors, Polyurethane elastomers, Conducting polymer composites, Durability, Patient monitoring, Electrospinning
Abstract: The development of high-performance flexible strain sensors is hampered by the difficulty in simultaneously achieving high sensitivity, broad stretchability, and long-term stability. In this study, an electrospinning liquid metal (LM)-based membrane was developed for the high-sensitivity detection of biomechanical signals and physiological parameters. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), selected for its excellent biocompatibility and flexibility, was chosen for the application. LM nanoparticles were ultrasonically dispersed into TPU via electrospinning to obtain the highly elastic, stretchable nanofiber membrane. Polyaniline (PANI) and gallium–indium alloy (EGaIn) droplets were then combined with the electrospun membrane via in situ polymerization and coating methods, forming a multi-scale three-dimensional (3D) conductive network structure. The developed composite demonstrated exceptional operational resilience, maintaining consistent performance over 10,000 mechanical cycles while achieving a maximum detectable strain of 300%. The developed flexible strain sensor achieved a high gauge factor of 206, demonstrating its significant potential for applications in health monitoring and human–machine interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Materials Science is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 193394444
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: A sandwich-structured liquid metal-based sensor with thermoplastic polyurethane and polyaniline nanocomposite for high sensitivity and durability.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yan%2C+Shujie%22">Yan, Shujie</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> shujieyan@zzu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhou%2C+Shiqing%22">Zhou, Shiqing</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xiang%2C+Lingfeng%22">Xiang, Lingfeng</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Xiang%22">Zhang, Xiang</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Xiaofeng%22">Wang, Xiaofeng</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> xiaofengwang@zzu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Qian%22">Li, Qian</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Materials+Science%22">Journal of Materials Science</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 61 Issue 22, p16140-16155. 16p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Strain+sensors%22">Strain sensors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polyurethane+elastomers%22">Polyurethane elastomers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Conducting+polymer+composites%22">Conducting polymer composites</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Durability%22">Durability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Patient+monitoring%22">Patient monitoring</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electrospinning%22">Electrospinning</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The development of high-performance flexible strain sensors is hampered by the difficulty in simultaneously achieving high sensitivity, broad stretchability, and long-term stability. In this study, an electrospinning liquid metal (LM)-based membrane was developed for the high-sensitivity detection of biomechanical signals and physiological parameters. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), selected for its excellent biocompatibility and flexibility, was chosen for the application. LM nanoparticles were ultrasonically dispersed into TPU via electrospinning to obtain the highly elastic, stretchable nanofiber membrane. Polyaniline (PANI) and gallium–indium alloy (EGaIn) droplets were then combined with the electrospun membrane via in situ polymerization and coating methods, forming a multi-scale three-dimensional (3D) conductive network structure. The developed composite demonstrated exceptional operational resilience, maintaining consistent performance over 10,000 mechanical cycles while achieving a maximum detectable strain of 300%. The developed flexible strain sensor achieved a high gauge factor of 206, demonstrating its significant potential for applications in health monitoring and human–machine interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Materials Science is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s10853-026-12798-6
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 16140
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Strain sensors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polyurethane elastomers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Conducting polymer composites
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Durability
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      – SubjectFull: Patient monitoring
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electrospinning
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: A sandwich-structured liquid metal-based sensor with thermoplastic polyurethane and polyaniline nanocomposite for high sensitivity and durability.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Yan, Shujie
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            NameFull: Zhou, Shiqing
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            NameFull: Xiang, Lingfeng
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            NameFull: Zhang, Xiang
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            NameFull: Wang, Xiaofeng
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            NameFull: Li, Qian
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            – D: 08
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 61
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Materials Science
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