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Research on Vortex Radar Imaging Characteristics Based on the Scattering Distribution of Three-Dimensional Wind-Driven Sea Surface Waves.

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Title: Research on Vortex Radar Imaging Characteristics Based on the Scattering Distribution of Three-Dimensional Wind-Driven Sea Surface Waves.
Authors: Zhang, Xiaoxiao1 (AUTHOR) zhangxiaoxiao@xupt.edu.cn, Geng, Haodong1,2 (AUTHOR), Su, Xiang2,3 (AUTHOR), Ren, Lin3,4 (AUTHOR), Wu, Zhensen1,4 (AUTHOR)
Source: Remote Sensing. Apr2026, Vol. 18 Issue 8, p1111. 20p.
Subjects: Wind waves, Scattering (Physics), Remote sensing, Ocean waves, Radar antennas
Abstract: Highlights: What are the main findings? A novel vortex radar imaging method is proposed, which, for the first time, integrates the three-dimensional scattering characteristics of the ocean surface (based on the Elfouhaily spectrum and a semi-deterministic facet-based two-scale method) with Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) modes. The study quantitatively reveals that vortex imaging performance for sea surfaces improves with higher wind speeds and steeper (smaller) radar incidence angles, and that the system can effectively capture wave fluctuations and wind direction patterns. What are the implications of the main findings? This work validates the feasibility of using vortex radar for high-resolution, continuous monitoring of dynamic sea scenes from coastal platforms, moving beyond traditional point-target assumptions to real-world, complex scatterers. By establishing a direct link between sea state parameters and vortex imaging results, this method lays a theoretical foundation for advanced ocean remote sensing applications, such as the inversion of sea surface wind fields and wave spectra. The resolution and accuracy of airborne/spaceborne SAR are continuously improving, making it an effective means for observing ocean dynamic processes and detecting marine targets. In contrast, utilizing its unique orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode, vortex radar does not require temporal accumulation to achieve azimuthal resolution, making it particularly suitable for observing moving sea surfaces. This capability enables stable and continuous monitoring of dynamic ocean scenes. This paper proposes a vortex radar imaging method based on three-dimensional sea surface scattering characteristics: first, a three-dimensional wind-driven sea surface geometric model is established based on the Elfouhaily sea spectrum, and its scattering characteristics under different incident angles, wind speeds, and wind directions are analyzed using the semi-deterministic facet-based two-scale method; then, two-dimensional range-azimuth imaging is achieved through coordinate transformation, echo modeling, pulse compression, and fast Fourier transform (FFT) in OAM mode domain, with the correctness of the imaging algorithm verified through multiple point target imaging results. Finally, simulation results of two-dimensional sea surface vortex imaging under different incident angles are presented, and the influence of wind speed and direction on sea surface vortex imaging is analyzed. The study shows that the vortex imaging system can effectively reflect wave fluctuations and wind direction characteristics, demonstrating the feasibility and potential of vortex radar imaging in oceanographic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Research on Vortex Radar Imaging Characteristics Based on the Scattering Distribution of Three-Dimensional Wind-Driven Sea Surface Waves.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Xiaoxiao%22">Zhang, Xiaoxiao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> zhangxiaoxiao@xupt.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Geng%2C+Haodong%22">Geng, Haodong</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Su%2C+Xiang%22">Su, Xiang</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ren%2C+Lin%22">Ren, Lin</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wu%2C+Zhensen%22">Wu, Zhensen</searchLink><relatesTo>1,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Remote+Sensing%22">Remote Sensing</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 18 Issue 8, p1111. 20p.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Highlights: What are the main findings? A novel vortex radar imaging method is proposed, which, for the first time, integrates the three-dimensional scattering characteristics of the ocean surface (based on the Elfouhaily spectrum and a semi-deterministic facet-based two-scale method) with Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) modes. The study quantitatively reveals that vortex imaging performance for sea surfaces improves with higher wind speeds and steeper (smaller) radar incidence angles, and that the system can effectively capture wave fluctuations and wind direction patterns. What are the implications of the main findings? This work validates the feasibility of using vortex radar for high-resolution, continuous monitoring of dynamic sea scenes from coastal platforms, moving beyond traditional point-target assumptions to real-world, complex scatterers. By establishing a direct link between sea state parameters and vortex imaging results, this method lays a theoretical foundation for advanced ocean remote sensing applications, such as the inversion of sea surface wind fields and wave spectra. The resolution and accuracy of airborne/spaceborne SAR are continuously improving, making it an effective means for observing ocean dynamic processes and detecting marine targets. In contrast, utilizing its unique orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode, vortex radar does not require temporal accumulation to achieve azimuthal resolution, making it particularly suitable for observing moving sea surfaces. This capability enables stable and continuous monitoring of dynamic ocean scenes. This paper proposes a vortex radar imaging method based on three-dimensional sea surface scattering characteristics: first, a three-dimensional wind-driven sea surface geometric model is established based on the Elfouhaily sea spectrum, and its scattering characteristics under different incident angles, wind speeds, and wind directions are analyzed using the semi-deterministic facet-based two-scale method; then, two-dimensional range-azimuth imaging is achieved through coordinate transformation, echo modeling, pulse compression, and fast Fourier transform (FFT) in OAM mode domain, with the correctness of the imaging algorithm verified through multiple point target imaging results. Finally, simulation results of two-dimensional sea surface vortex imaging under different incident angles are presented, and the influence of wind speed and direction on sea surface vortex imaging is analyzed. The study shows that the vortex imaging system can effectively reflect wave fluctuations and wind direction characteristics, demonstrating the feasibility and potential of vortex radar imaging in oceanographic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/rs18081111
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        Text: English
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Scattering (Physics)
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      – SubjectFull: Remote sensing
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      – SubjectFull: Ocean waves
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      – SubjectFull: Radar antennas
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      – TitleFull: Research on Vortex Radar Imaging Characteristics Based on the Scattering Distribution of Three-Dimensional Wind-Driven Sea Surface Waves.
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              Text: Apr2026
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