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Cure Modelling and Monitoring for Isothermal Processing of Fast-Curing Epoxy Resin.

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Title: Cure Modelling and Monitoring for Isothermal Processing of Fast-Curing Epoxy Resin.
Authors: Schaible, Patrick1 (AUTHOR) patrick.schaible@kit.edu, Schwaiberger, David1 (AUTHOR), Schabel, Sebastian1 (AUTHOR), Fleischer, Jürgen1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Polymers (20734360). Apr2026, Vol. 18 Issue 8, p952. 15p.
Subjects: Epoxy resins, Polymerization kinetics, Differential scanning calorimetry, Composite material manufacturing, Temperature sensors, Isothermal processes, Glass transition temperature
Abstract: In liquid composite moulding processes, the curing behaviour of thermoset matrices plays a decisive role in determining manufacturing quality and cycle time. Premature demoulding may lead to insufficiently cured components, whereas excessively long curing times reduce production efficiency. Reliable monitoring and modelling of the curing process are therefore essential for process optimisation. In this study, the cure kinetics of a fast-curing epoxy resin system are modelled using the Grindling kinetic model, which accounts for diffusion-controlled reaction behaviour and vitrification effects. Model parameters are identified using both dynamic and isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. In addition, the glass transition temperature is described as a function of the degree of cure using the DiBenedetto relationship. To demonstrate the applicability of the model for process monitoring, an experimental mould equipped with temperature sensors was developed to simulate real-time estimation of the degree of cure during isothermal processing. The predicted degree of cure is validated by post-process DSC analysis of the manufactured samples. Initial comparisons reveal systematic deviations caused by temperature measurement uncertainties. After implementing a temperature correction based on experimentally determined sensor deviations, the predicted degree of cure shows significantly improved agreement with DSC measurements. The results demonstrate that combining kinetic modelling with temperature monitoring enables reliable real-time estimation of the curing state for fast-curing epoxy systems. The study also highlights the critical importance of accurate temperature measurement for curing monitoring and provides insights into the practical implementation of sensor-based monitoring strategies in liquid composite moulding processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 193439528
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  Data: Cure Modelling and Monitoring for Isothermal Processing of Fast-Curing Epoxy Resin.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schaible%2C+Patrick%22">Schaible, Patrick</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> patrick.schaible@kit.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schwaiberger%2C+David%22">Schwaiberger, David</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schabel%2C+Sebastian%22">Schabel, Sebastian</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fleischer%2C+Jürgen%22">Fleischer, Jürgen</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Polymers+%2820734360%29%22">Polymers (20734360)</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 18 Issue 8, p952. 15p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Epoxy+resins%22">Epoxy resins</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polymerization+kinetics%22">Polymerization kinetics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Differential+scanning+calorimetry%22">Differential scanning calorimetry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Composite+material+manufacturing%22">Composite material manufacturing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Temperature+sensors%22">Temperature sensors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Isothermal+processes%22">Isothermal processes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Glass+transition+temperature%22">Glass transition temperature</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
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  Group: Ab
  Data: In liquid composite moulding processes, the curing behaviour of thermoset matrices plays a decisive role in determining manufacturing quality and cycle time. Premature demoulding may lead to insufficiently cured components, whereas excessively long curing times reduce production efficiency. Reliable monitoring and modelling of the curing process are therefore essential for process optimisation. In this study, the cure kinetics of a fast-curing epoxy resin system are modelled using the Grindling kinetic model, which accounts for diffusion-controlled reaction behaviour and vitrification effects. Model parameters are identified using both dynamic and isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. In addition, the glass transition temperature is described as a function of the degree of cure using the DiBenedetto relationship. To demonstrate the applicability of the model for process monitoring, an experimental mould equipped with temperature sensors was developed to simulate real-time estimation of the degree of cure during isothermal processing. The predicted degree of cure is validated by post-process DSC analysis of the manufactured samples. Initial comparisons reveal systematic deviations caused by temperature measurement uncertainties. After implementing a temperature correction based on experimentally determined sensor deviations, the predicted degree of cure shows significantly improved agreement with DSC measurements. The results demonstrate that combining kinetic modelling with temperature monitoring enables reliable real-time estimation of the curing state for fast-curing epoxy systems. The study also highlights the critical importance of accurate temperature measurement for curing monitoring and provides insights into the practical implementation of sensor-based monitoring strategies in liquid composite moulding processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Polymers (20734360) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/polym18080952
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 15
        StartPage: 952
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Epoxy resins
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polymerization kinetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Differential scanning calorimetry
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      – SubjectFull: Composite material manufacturing
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      – SubjectFull: Temperature sensors
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      – SubjectFull: Isothermal processes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Glass transition temperature
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Cure Modelling and Monitoring for Isothermal Processing of Fast-Curing Epoxy Resin.
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            NameFull: Schwaiberger, David
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            NameFull: Schabel, Sebastian
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            – D: 15
              M: 04
              Text: Apr2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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