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Fabrication of Nitrogen-Containing Micro-Expanding Graphite Composites from Waste Graphite Electrodes for Enhanced Lithium Storage.

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Title: Fabrication of Nitrogen-Containing Micro-Expanding Graphite Composites from Waste Graphite Electrodes for Enhanced Lithium Storage.
Authors: Fan, Xu1 (AUTHOR), Lv, Zhuohan1,2 (AUTHOR), Nan, Hongyan1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Teng, Daoguang1,2 (AUTHOR), Xing, Baolin2,3 (AUTHOR), Li, Peng1,2,3 (AUTHOR) zdhglipeng@zzu.edu.cn
Source: Nanomaterials (2079-4991). Apr2026, Vol. 16 Issue 8, p485. 18p.
Subjects: Graphite composites, Lithium cell electrodes, Intercalation reactions, Energy storage, Graphite
Abstract: The large-scale generation of waste graphite not only poses environmental challenges but also provides an opportunity for resource recovery. This study proposes a sustainable strategy that utilizes the graphite cutting waste produced during the production of large graphite electrodes through chemical intercalation, microwave-assisted expansion, and in situ urea nitrogen doping techniques to prepare nitrogen-containing micro-expanded graphite (NMG) composite materials. Structural analysis reveals that the nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon layer formed on the expanded graphite (EG) matrix effectively suppresses excessive expansion while preserving its typical worm-like interlayer morphology and porous structure. XPS confirms successful nitrogen doping with predominant pyridinic-N configuration, introducing abundant defect sites and enhancing lithiophilicity. As an anode for LIBs, NMG delivers an exceptional initial discharge capacity of 1907.5 mAh g−1 at 20 mA g−1 and maintains 798.2 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles, nearly twice that of purified waste graphite (G). Remarkably, after 1000 cycles at 1 A g−1, it retains 650.4 mAh g−1 with 89.9% capacity retention, indicating an electrochemical activation process. Kinetic analysis reveals that the superior performance originates from synergistic diffusion-controlled intercalation and surface-dominated pseudocapacitance, with nitrogen-doped defect sites and hierarchical pore architecture promoting rapid ion/electron transport and surface faradaic reactions. This work demonstrates a viable pathway for value-added upcycling of waste graphite while providing insights into designing high-performance anodes through integrated defect engineering and heteroatom doping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Fabrication of Nitrogen-Containing Micro-Expanding Graphite Composites from Waste Graphite Electrodes for Enhanced Lithium Storage.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fan%2C+Xu%22">Fan, Xu</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lv%2C+Zhuohan%22">Lv, Zhuohan</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nan%2C+Hongyan%22">Nan, Hongyan</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Teng%2C+Daoguang%22">Teng, Daoguang</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xing%2C+Baolin%22">Xing, Baolin</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Peng%22">Li, Peng</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> zdhglipeng@zzu.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Nanomaterials+%282079-4991%29%22">Nanomaterials (2079-4991)</searchLink>. Apr2026, Vol. 16 Issue 8, p485. 18p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphite+composites%22">Graphite composites</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lithium+cell+electrodes%22">Lithium cell electrodes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Intercalation+reactions%22">Intercalation reactions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+storage%22">Energy storage</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphite%22">Graphite</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The large-scale generation of waste graphite not only poses environmental challenges but also provides an opportunity for resource recovery. This study proposes a sustainable strategy that utilizes the graphite cutting waste produced during the production of large graphite electrodes through chemical intercalation, microwave-assisted expansion, and in situ urea nitrogen doping techniques to prepare nitrogen-containing micro-expanded graphite (NMG) composite materials. Structural analysis reveals that the nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon layer formed on the expanded graphite (EG) matrix effectively suppresses excessive expansion while preserving its typical worm-like interlayer morphology and porous structure. XPS confirms successful nitrogen doping with predominant pyridinic-N configuration, introducing abundant defect sites and enhancing lithiophilicity. As an anode for LIBs, NMG delivers an exceptional initial discharge capacity of 1907.5 mAh g−1 at 20 mA g−1 and maintains 798.2 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles, nearly twice that of purified waste graphite (G). Remarkably, after 1000 cycles at 1 A g−1, it retains 650.4 mAh g−1 with 89.9% capacity retention, indicating an electrochemical activation process. Kinetic analysis reveals that the superior performance originates from synergistic diffusion-controlled intercalation and surface-dominated pseudocapacitance, with nitrogen-doped defect sites and hierarchical pore architecture promoting rapid ion/electron transport and surface faradaic reactions. This work demonstrates a viable pathway for value-added upcycling of waste graphite while providing insights into designing high-performance anodes through integrated defect engineering and heteroatom doping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Nanomaterials (2079-4991) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.3390/nano16080485
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        Text: English
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        Type: general
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      – SubjectFull: Intercalation reactions
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      – TitleFull: Fabrication of Nitrogen-Containing Micro-Expanding Graphite Composites from Waste Graphite Electrodes for Enhanced Lithium Storage.
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              Text: Apr2026
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