Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and potentially toxic elements in transplanted lichen Pyxine cocoes as indicator of air pollution in Lucknow City, India.
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| Title: | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and potentially toxic elements in transplanted lichen Pyxine cocoes as indicator of air pollution in Lucknow City, India. |
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| Authors: | Kumari, Kirti1,2 (AUTHOR), Kumar, Varun2,3 (AUTHOR), Nayaka, Sanjeeva2,3 (AUTHOR) nayaka.sanjeeva@gmail.com, Kumari, Babita2 (AUTHOR), Saxena, Gauri1 (AUTHOR), Sanyal, Indraneel2,3 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2026, Vol. 28 Issue 7, p1422-1435. 14p. |
| Subjects: | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Bioindicators, Cities & towns, Lichens, Automobile emissions, Air pollution, Heavy metals |
| Geographic Terms: | Lucknow (India), India |
| Abstract: | Air pollution has emerged as a serious global issue driven by rapid urbanization and industrialization. This study aims to evaluate the air quality of Lucknow, a fast-growing city in North India, using lichen Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. Lichen specimens collected from the relatively unpolluted area of Malihabad were transplanted for 30 days at 10 sites in Lucknow City with varying traffic volumes. The concentrations of potentially toxic elements (Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, Co, and Cd) were determined using an ICP-MS, while PAHs were examined through HPLC. Additionally, the physiological status of the lichen specimen was assessed by analyzing chlorophyll content, chlorophyll degradation, and photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm). A total of 15 PAHs were detected in the transplanted lichens with molecular weights varying from 0.006–6.265 μg g−1 (low), 0.001–17.027 μg g−1 (medium), and 3.957–20.862 μg g−1 (high). In contrast, significantly increased amounts of potentially toxic elements such as iron (4.42–5.38 μg L−1), aluminum (3.52–4.38 μg L−1), manganese (99.42–136.35 μg g−1), and zinc (77.67–83.82 μg g−1) were detected in sites Alambagh Chauraha, IT crossing and Polytechnic Chauraha. In all the specimens, chlorophyll a (5.17 μg L−1), chlorophyll b (2.21 μg L−1), and total chlorophyll (7.38 μg L−1) were significantly decreased and degraded (0.53 μg g−1). The results once again demonstrate that transplanted P. cocoes as a sensitive and reliable bioindicator of PAHs and potentially toxic elements induced air pollution in Lucknow City. NOVELTY STATEMENT: The increases in heavy metal concentrations in Pyxine cocoes were found at high traffic sites, with notable levels of Fe, Al, Mg, and Zn detected. In the transplanted Pyxine cocoes, a total of 15 PAHs were found, with different concentrations at different transplanted sites. The accumulation of air pollutants in Pyxine cocoes is mainly attributed to vehicular pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of International Journal of Phytoremediation is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
| FullText | Text: Availability: 0 |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 193468070 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and potentially toxic elements in transplanted lichen Pyxine cocoes as indicator of air pollution in Lucknow City, India. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kumari%2C+Kirti%22">Kumari, Kirti</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kumar%2C+Varun%22">Kumar, Varun</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nayaka%2C+Sanjeeva%22">Nayaka, Sanjeeva</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> nayaka.sanjeeva@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kumari%2C+Babita%22">Kumari, Babita</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Saxena%2C+Gauri%22">Saxena, Gauri</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sanyal%2C+Indraneel%22">Sanyal, Indraneel</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Phytoremediation%22">International Journal of Phytoremediation</searchLink>. 2026, Vol. 28 Issue 7, p1422-1435. 14p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polycyclic+aromatic+hydrocarbons%22">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bioindicators%22">Bioindicators</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cities+%26+towns%22">Cities & towns</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lichens%22">Lichens</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Automobile+emissions%22">Automobile emissions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Air+pollution%22">Air pollution</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heavy+metals%22">Heavy metals</searchLink> – Name: SubjectGeographic Label: Geographic Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lucknow+%28India%29%22">Lucknow (India)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22India%22">India</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Air pollution has emerged as a serious global issue driven by rapid urbanization and industrialization. This study aims to evaluate the air quality of Lucknow, a fast-growing city in North India, using lichen Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. Lichen specimens collected from the relatively unpolluted area of Malihabad were transplanted for 30 days at 10 sites in Lucknow City with varying traffic volumes. The concentrations of potentially toxic elements (Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, Co, and Cd) were determined using an ICP-MS, while PAHs were examined through HPLC. Additionally, the physiological status of the lichen specimen was assessed by analyzing chlorophyll content, chlorophyll degradation, and photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm). A total of 15 PAHs were detected in the transplanted lichens with molecular weights varying from 0.006–6.265 μg g−1 (low), 0.001–17.027 μg g−1 (medium), and 3.957–20.862 μg g−1 (high). In contrast, significantly increased amounts of potentially toxic elements such as iron (4.42–5.38 μg L−1), aluminum (3.52–4.38 μg L−1), manganese (99.42–136.35 μg g−1), and zinc (77.67–83.82 μg g−1) were detected in sites Alambagh Chauraha, IT crossing and Polytechnic Chauraha. In all the specimens, chlorophyll a (5.17 μg L−1), chlorophyll b (2.21 μg L−1), and total chlorophyll (7.38 μg L−1) were significantly decreased and degraded (0.53 μg g−1). The results once again demonstrate that transplanted P. cocoes as a sensitive and reliable bioindicator of PAHs and potentially toxic elements induced air pollution in Lucknow City. NOVELTY STATEMENT: The increases in heavy metal concentrations in Pyxine cocoes were found at high traffic sites, with notable levels of Fe, Al, Mg, and Zn detected. In the transplanted Pyxine cocoes, a total of 15 PAHs were found, with different concentrations at different transplanted sites. The accumulation of air pollutants in Pyxine cocoes is mainly attributed to vehicular pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Phytoremediation is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1080/15226514.2026.2613444 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 14 StartPage: 1422 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Type: general – SubjectFull: Bioindicators Type: general – SubjectFull: Cities & towns Type: general – SubjectFull: Lichens Type: general – SubjectFull: Automobile emissions Type: general – SubjectFull: Air pollution Type: general – SubjectFull: Heavy metals Type: general – SubjectFull: Lucknow (India) Type: general – SubjectFull: India Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and potentially toxic elements in transplanted lichen Pyxine cocoes as indicator of air pollution in Lucknow City, India. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Kumari, Kirti – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Kumar, Varun – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Nayaka, Sanjeeva – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Kumari, Babita – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Saxena, Gauri – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Sanyal, Indraneel IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 06 Text: 2026 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 15226514 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 28 – Type: issue Value: 7 Titles: – TitleFull: International Journal of Phytoremediation Type: main |
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