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FREA-XR: An Evaluation Framework for Extended Reality User Authentication Mechanisms.

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Title: FREA-XR: An Evaluation Framework for Extended Reality User Authentication Mechanisms.
Authors: Katsini, Christina1 (AUTHOR) Christina.Katsini@warwick.ac.uk, Epiphaniou, Gregory1 (AUTHOR), Maple, Carsten1 (AUTHOR)
Source: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. May2026, Vol. 42 Issue 10, p7372-7413. 42p.
Subjects: Electronic authentication, Evaluation methodology, Privacy, Mixed reality, Computer access control, User-centered system design, Security management
Abstract: Achieving secure and usable authentication has long been a challenge, further complicated by the rise of Extended Reality (XR). To fully exploit XR's capabilities and diverse interaction methods, researchers have adapted existing mechanisms and introduced new ones aimed at improving usability and strengthening protection. A key difficulty, however, is comparing these mechanisms. Such comparison is essential for XR stakeholders to understand the strengths and weaknesses of each approach and make informed choices. To address this, we propose an evaluation framework for user authentication in XR. The framework was initially developed from expert knowledge and prior literature, then refined through interviews with usable security and privacy experts active in XR and authentication research. We demonstrate its applicability by evaluating published works, revealing current gaps. This work contributes a comprehensive framework to guide the assessment and selection of authentication mechanisms in XR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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DbLabel: Engineering Source
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PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: FREA-XR: An Evaluation Framework for Extended Reality User Authentication Mechanisms.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Katsini%2C+Christina%22">Katsini, Christina</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> Christina.Katsini@warwick.ac.uk</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Epiphaniou%2C+Gregory%22">Epiphaniou, Gregory</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Maple%2C+Carsten%22">Maple, Carsten</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22International+Journal+of+Human-Computer+Interaction%22">International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 42 Issue 10, p7372-7413. 42p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electronic+authentication%22">Electronic authentication</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Evaluation+methodology%22">Evaluation methodology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Privacy%22">Privacy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mixed+reality%22">Mixed reality</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+access+control%22">Computer access control</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22User-centered+system+design%22">User-centered system design</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Security+management%22">Security management</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Achieving secure and usable authentication has long been a challenge, further complicated by the rise of Extended Reality (XR). To fully exploit XR's capabilities and diverse interaction methods, researchers have adapted existing mechanisms and introduced new ones aimed at improving usability and strengthening protection. A key difficulty, however, is comparing these mechanisms. Such comparison is essential for XR stakeholders to understand the strengths and weaknesses of each approach and make informed choices. To address this, we propose an evaluation framework for user authentication in XR. The framework was initially developed from expert knowledge and prior literature, then refined through interviews with usable security and privacy experts active in XR and authentication research. We demonstrate its applicability by evaluating published works, revealing current gaps. This work contributes a comprehensive framework to guide the assessment and selection of authentication mechanisms in XR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=egs&AN=193623229
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        Value: 10.1080/10447318.2025.2558033
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Electronic authentication
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Evaluation methodology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Privacy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mixed reality
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      – SubjectFull: Computer access control
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      – SubjectFull: User-centered system design
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      – SubjectFull: Security management
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      – TitleFull: FREA-XR: An Evaluation Framework for Extended Reality User Authentication Mechanisms.
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              M: 05
              Text: May2026
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