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Simultaneously enhancing mechanical and current-carrying tribological properties of Cu-graphite composites using Ti3AlC2-Derived reinforcements.

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Title: Simultaneously enhancing mechanical and current-carrying tribological properties of Cu-graphite composites using Ti3AlC2-Derived reinforcements.
Authors: Tao, Yi1 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Xin2,3 (AUTHOR) zhangxin0517@xju.edu.cn, Wu, Liuchen2 (AUTHOR), Wang, Wenxiao1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Ceramics International. May2026:Part A, Vol. 52 Issue 13, p21411-21428. 18p.
Subjects: Graphite composites, Friction materials, Wear resistance, Mechanical behavior of materials, Powder metallurgy
Abstract: Copper-graphite composites are important current-carrying friction materials. However, adding graphite reduces the matrix strength. Its lubricating film also easily fails under high-current working conditions. To simultaneously enhance the mechanical and current-carrying tribological properties, MAX-phase ceramic Ti 3 AlC 2 was introduced into the copper-graphite system. Powder metallurgy was used to fabricate Cu-Graphite-Ti 3 AlC 2 -derived composites with different Ti 3 AlC 2 contents (0–15 wt %). The results indicate that​ during hot-pressing sintering, Ti 3 AlC 2 decomposes during hot-press sintering, forming TiC and Al 2 O 3. Through dispersion strengthening and solid-solution strengthening, the composite hardness reached a maximum of 102.3 HV, an increase of 53.2 % compared with the Ti 3 AlC 2 -free composite. Under a current strength of 2 A and prolonged sliding conditions, CGT5 demonstrates the most outstanding overall performance, combining favorable friction reduction (COF:0.20, 22.3 % lower than that of CGT0), excellent wear resistance (Wear rate:9.69 × 10−6 mm3/(N·m), 84.4 % lower than that of CGT0) and low contact resistance (ECR:49.31 mΩ). Under high-current conditions, the thermal effect induced by arcing disrupts the lubricating film, shifting the dominant wear mechanism to fatigue wear. This study clarifies the action mechanism of Ti 3 AlC 2 derivatives under electrothermal-mechanical coupling conditions, providing a theoretical foundation for the development of high-performance current-carrying friction materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Ceramics International is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Simultaneously enhancing mechanical and current-carrying tribological properties of Cu-graphite composites using Ti3AlC2-Derived reinforcements.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tao%2C+Yi%22">Tao, Yi</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Xin%22">Zhang, Xin</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> zhangxin0517@xju.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wu%2C+Liuchen%22">Wu, Liuchen</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Wenxiao%22">Wang, Wenxiao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Ceramics+International%22">Ceramics International</searchLink>. May2026:Part A, Vol. 52 Issue 13, p21411-21428. 18p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graphite+composites%22">Graphite composites</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Friction+materials%22">Friction materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wear+resistance%22">Wear resistance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mechanical+behavior+of+materials%22">Mechanical behavior of materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Powder+metallurgy%22">Powder metallurgy</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Copper-graphite composites are important current-carrying friction materials. However, adding graphite reduces the matrix strength. Its lubricating film also easily fails under high-current working conditions. To simultaneously enhance the mechanical and current-carrying tribological properties, MAX-phase ceramic Ti 3 AlC 2 was introduced into the copper-graphite system. Powder metallurgy was used to fabricate Cu-Graphite-Ti 3 AlC 2 -derived composites with different Ti 3 AlC 2 contents (0–15 wt %). The results indicate that​ during hot-pressing sintering, Ti 3 AlC 2 decomposes during hot-press sintering, forming TiC and Al 2 O 3. Through dispersion strengthening and solid-solution strengthening, the composite hardness reached a maximum of 102.3 HV, an increase of 53.2 % compared with the Ti 3 AlC 2 -free composite. Under a current strength of 2 A and prolonged sliding conditions, CGT5 demonstrates the most outstanding overall performance, combining favorable friction reduction (COF:0.20, 22.3 % lower than that of CGT0), excellent wear resistance (Wear rate:9.69 × 10−6 mm3/(N·m), 84.4 % lower than that of CGT0) and low contact resistance (ECR:49.31 mΩ). Under high-current conditions, the thermal effect induced by arcing disrupts the lubricating film, shifting the dominant wear mechanism to fatigue wear. This study clarifies the action mechanism of Ti 3 AlC 2 derivatives under electrothermal-mechanical coupling conditions, providing a theoretical foundation for the development of high-performance current-carrying friction materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Ceramics International is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2026.03.222
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      – SubjectFull: Mechanical behavior of materials
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              Text: May2026:Part A
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              Y: 2026
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