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Assessing Ground Deformation Dynamics and Driving Mechanisms in Beijing Using Integrated Sentinel-1A and LuTan-1 InSAR Observations.

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Title: Assessing Ground Deformation Dynamics and Driving Mechanisms in Beijing Using Integrated Sentinel-1A and LuTan-1 InSAR Observations.
Authors: Huang, Zhiwei1,2 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Fengli1,2,3 (AUTHOR) zhangfl@aircas.ac.cn, Jiao, Yanan1,3 (AUTHOR), Yuan, Junna1 (AUTHOR), Yuan, Jingwen1,2 (AUTHOR), Liu, Xiaochen1,3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Remote Sensing. May2026, Vol. 18 Issue 9, p1274. 32p.
Subjects: Land subsidence, Radar interferometry, Groundwater remediation, Aquifer storage recovery, Anthropogenic effects on nature, Soil mechanics, Artificial satellites
Geographic Terms: Beijing (China), China
Abstract: Highlights: What are the main findings? The monitoring accuracy of China's L-band LuTan-1 satellite in complex urban environments was validated against leveling data, achieving an RMSE of 3.81 mm/a. LuTan-1 shows slightly better agreement with the leveling data relative to Sentinel-1A, which recorded an RMSE of 4.853 mm/a. Unraveled a dual-drive deformation mode characterized by regional hydrogeological rebound with an elastic skeletal storativity of 4.39 × 10−3 versus localized anthropogenic disturbance. What is the implication of the main finding? Confirming LuTan-1 satellite's high-precision deformation monitoring capabilities provides reliable data support for urban deformation monitoring. By analyzing groundwater-driven and urbanization and anthropogenic deformation, this study offers a scientific framework for establishing sustainable groundwater extraction thresholds and optimizing urban spatial planning to mitigate subsidence risks. Ground deformation monitoring is pivotal for enhancing urban resilience and mitigating geohazards. This study presents a synergistic monitoring framework integrating 26 Sentinel-1A (C-band) and 16 LuTan-1 (L-band) SAR scenes acquired between December 2023 and August 2025 to characterize the deformation dynamics in Beijing. Utilizing SBAS-InSAR, we first established a regional deformation baseline using Sentinel-1A observations, identifying critical subsidence and uplift zones in the eastern plains. Subsequently, high-resolution (3 m) LT-1 data were leveraged to achieve refined spatiotemporal characterization of these deformation hotspots. Validation against ground leveling benchmarks confirmed that both satellites yield high accuracy. LuTan-1 (RMSE = 3.810 mm/a) shows slightly better agreement with the ground leveling data than Sentinel-1A (RMSE = 4.853 mm/a). Analysis of the spatiotemporal patterns derived from InSAR revealed that the study area is characterized by widespread gene uplift (averaging ~10 mm/a), interspersed with acute localized subsidence exceeding 40 mm/a. Correlation analysis demonstrates a high spatiotemporal coupling between the extent and rate of surface uplift and groundwater level recovery. To further investigate these dynamics, Terzaghi's effective stress principle is employed to quantify the contribution of groundwater level fluctuations to the observed surface deformation. A Parametric Harmonic Model was implemented to decouple elastic and trend components, and attribution analysis confirms that the continuous recovery of groundwater levels is the fundamental driver of the regional surface uplift. The inverted elastic skeletal storativity (Ske), ranging from 1.587 × 10−3 to 9.184 × 10−3, reveals that regional surface uplift is predominantly driven by the elastic rebound of aquifer systems following groundwater recovery. In contrast, localized subsidence anomalies observed at large-scale engineering construction sites, landfill facilities, major expressway corridors, and high-density residential areas are independent of groundwater fluctuations, instead they are primarily attributed to anthropogenic stressors. This study elucidates a dual-drive mechanism, which comprising macroscopic hydrogeological rebound and localized anthropogenic disturbance, providing a robust scientific basis for differentiated urban hazard management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Assessing Ground Deformation Dynamics and Driving Mechanisms in Beijing Using Integrated Sentinel-1A and LuTan-1 InSAR Observations.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Huang%2C+Zhiwei%22">Huang, Zhiwei</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Fengli%22">Zhang, Fengli</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> zhangfl@aircas.ac.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jiao%2C+Yanan%22">Jiao, Yanan</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yuan%2C+Junna%22">Yuan, Junna</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yuan%2C+Jingwen%22">Yuan, Jingwen</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Xiaochen%22">Liu, Xiaochen</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Remote+Sensing%22">Remote Sensing</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 18 Issue 9, p1274. 32p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subjects
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Land+subsidence%22">Land subsidence</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Radar+interferometry%22">Radar interferometry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Groundwater+remediation%22">Groundwater remediation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Aquifer+storage+recovery%22">Aquifer storage recovery</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Anthropogenic+effects+on+nature%22">Anthropogenic effects on nature</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soil+mechanics%22">Soil mechanics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Artificial+satellites%22">Artificial satellites</searchLink>
– Name: SubjectGeographic
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Beijing+%28China%29%22">Beijing (China)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22China%22">China</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Highlights: What are the main findings? The monitoring accuracy of China's L-band LuTan-1 satellite in complex urban environments was validated against leveling data, achieving an RMSE of 3.81 mm/a. LuTan-1 shows slightly better agreement with the leveling data relative to Sentinel-1A, which recorded an RMSE of 4.853 mm/a. Unraveled a dual-drive deformation mode characterized by regional hydrogeological rebound with an elastic skeletal storativity of 4.39 × 10−3 versus localized anthropogenic disturbance. What is the implication of the main finding? Confirming LuTan-1 satellite's high-precision deformation monitoring capabilities provides reliable data support for urban deformation monitoring. By analyzing groundwater-driven and urbanization and anthropogenic deformation, this study offers a scientific framework for establishing sustainable groundwater extraction thresholds and optimizing urban spatial planning to mitigate subsidence risks. Ground deformation monitoring is pivotal for enhancing urban resilience and mitigating geohazards. This study presents a synergistic monitoring framework integrating 26 Sentinel-1A (C-band) and 16 LuTan-1 (L-band) SAR scenes acquired between December 2023 and August 2025 to characterize the deformation dynamics in Beijing. Utilizing SBAS-InSAR, we first established a regional deformation baseline using Sentinel-1A observations, identifying critical subsidence and uplift zones in the eastern plains. Subsequently, high-resolution (3 m) LT-1 data were leveraged to achieve refined spatiotemporal characterization of these deformation hotspots. Validation against ground leveling benchmarks confirmed that both satellites yield high accuracy. LuTan-1 (RMSE = 3.810 mm/a) shows slightly better agreement with the ground leveling data than Sentinel-1A (RMSE = 4.853 mm/a). Analysis of the spatiotemporal patterns derived from InSAR revealed that the study area is characterized by widespread gene uplift (averaging ~10 mm/a), interspersed with acute localized subsidence exceeding 40 mm/a. Correlation analysis demonstrates a high spatiotemporal coupling between the extent and rate of surface uplift and groundwater level recovery. To further investigate these dynamics, Terzaghi's effective stress principle is employed to quantify the contribution of groundwater level fluctuations to the observed surface deformation. A Parametric Harmonic Model was implemented to decouple elastic and trend components, and attribution analysis confirms that the continuous recovery of groundwater levels is the fundamental driver of the regional surface uplift. The inverted elastic skeletal storativity (Ske), ranging from 1.587 × 10−3 to 9.184 × 10−3, reveals that regional surface uplift is predominantly driven by the elastic rebound of aquifer systems following groundwater recovery. In contrast, localized subsidence anomalies observed at large-scale engineering construction sites, landfill facilities, major expressway corridors, and high-density residential areas are independent of groundwater fluctuations, instead they are primarily attributed to anthropogenic stressors. This study elucidates a dual-drive mechanism, which comprising macroscopic hydrogeological rebound and localized anthropogenic disturbance, providing a robust scientific basis for differentiated urban hazard management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Remote Sensing is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3390/rs18091274
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 32
        StartPage: 1274
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Land subsidence
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Radar interferometry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Groundwater remediation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Aquifer storage recovery
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Anthropogenic effects on nature
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil mechanics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Artificial satellites
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Beijing (China)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: China
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Assessing Ground Deformation Dynamics and Driving Mechanisms in Beijing Using Integrated Sentinel-1A and LuTan-1 InSAR Observations.
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            NameFull: Huang, Zhiwei
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            NameFull: Zhang, Fengli
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              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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